Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 May 13;5(5):CD009561.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009561.pub3.

Artificial corneas versus donor corneas for repeat corneal transplants

Masako Chen  1 , Sueko M Ng  2 , Esen K Akpek  3 , Sumayya Ahmad  4
Affiliations

Artificial corneas versus donor corneas for repeat corneal transplants

Masako Chen et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Individuals who have failed one or more full thickness penetrating keratoplasties may be offered repeat corneal surgery using an artificial or donor cornea. An artificial or prosthetic cornea is known as a keratoprosthesis. Both donor and artificial corneal transplantations involve removal of the diseased and opaque recipient cornea (or the previously failed cornea) and replacement with another donor or prosthetic cornea.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of artificial versus donor corneas in individuals who have had one or more failed donor corneal transplantations.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) (2019, Issue 11); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid Embase; LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database); ClinicalTrials.gov; and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic search for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 4 November 2019.

Selection criteria: Two review authors independently assessed reports from the electronic searches to identify randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials. Any discrepancies were resolved by discussion or consultation.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. For discussion purposes, we summarized findings from relevant comparative case series. We performed no data synthesis.

Main results: We did not identify any randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials comparing artificial corneas with donor corneas for repeat corneal transplantations.

Authors' conclusions: The optimal management for those individuals who have failed a conventional corneal transplantation is unknown. Currently, in some centers, artificial corneal devices are routinely recommended after just one graft failure, while in other centers, they are not recommended until after multiple graft failures, or not at all. To date, there have been no controlled trials comparing the visual outcomes and complications of artificial corneal devices (particularly the Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis, which is the most commonly implanted artificial corneal device) with repeat donor corneal transplantation, in order to guide surgeons and their patients. Such a trial is needed and would offer significant benefit to an ever-increasing pool of people with visual disability due to corneal opacification, most of whom are still in productive stages of their lives.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Masako Chen: None known. Sueko M Ng: None known. Esen K Akpek: None known. Sumayya Ahmad: None known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies excluded from this review

Akpek 2015 {published data only}
    1. Akpek EK, Cassard SD, Dunlap K, Hahn S, Ramulu PY. Donor corneal transplantation vs Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis in patients with previous graft failures: a retrospective single center study (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 2015;113:T3. - PMC - PubMed
Al‐Arfai 2015 {published data only}
    1. Al-Arfai KM, Yassin SA, Al-Beshri AS, Al-Jindan MY, Al-Tamimi ER. Indications and techniques employed for keratoplasty in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia: 6 years of experience. Annals of Saudi Medicine 2015;35(5):387-93. - PMC - PubMed
Aldave 2012a {published data only}
    1. Aldave AJ, Kamal KM, Vo RC, Yu F. The Boston type I keratoprosthesis: improving outcomes and expanding indications. Ophthalmology 2009;116(4):640-51. - PubMed
    1. Aldave AJ, Sangwan VS, Basu S, Basak SK, Hovakimyan A, Gevorgyan O, et al. International results with the Boston type I keratoprosthesis. Ophthalmology 2012;119(8):1530-8. - PubMed
    1. Goldman DR, Hubschman JP, Aldave AJ, Chiang A, Huang JS, Bourges JL, et al. Postoperative posterior segment complications in eyes treated with the Boston type I keratoprosthesis. Retina 2013;33(3):532-41. - PubMed
    1. Kim MJ, Yu F, Aldave AJ. Microbial keratitis after Boston type I keratoprosthesis implantation: incidence, organisms, risk factors, and outcomes. Ophthalmology 2013;120(11):2209-16. - PubMed
    1. Sejpal K, Yu F, Aldave AJ. The Boston keratoprosthesis in the management of corneal limbal stem cell deficiency. Cornea 2011;30(11):1187-94. - PubMed
Aldave 2012b {published data only}
    1. Aldave AJ, Sangwan VS, Basu S, Basak SK, Hovakimyan A, Gevorgyan O, et al. International results with the Boston type I keratoprosthesis. Ophthalmology 2012;119(8):1530-8. - PubMed
Aquavella 2005 {published data only}
    1. Aquavella JV, Qian Y, McCormick GJ, Palakuru JR. Keratoprosthesis: current techniques. Cornea 2006;25(6):656-62. - PubMed
    1. Aquavella JV, Qian Y, McCormick GJ, Palakuru JR. Keratoprosthesis: the Dohlman-Doane device. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2005;140(6):1032-8. - PubMed
Avadhanam 2019 {published data only}
    1. Avadhanam VS, Zarei-Ghanavati M, Bardan AS, Iyer G, Srinivasan B, Agarwal S, et al. When there is no tooth - looking beyond the Falcinelli MOOKP. Ocular Surface 2019;17(1):4-8. - PubMed
Baratz 2017 {published data only}
    1. Baratz KH, Goins KM. The Boston keratoprosthesis: highs and lows of intraocular pressure and outcomes. Ophthalmology 2017;124(1):9-11. - PubMed
Boston Type 1 KPro Study {published data only}
    1. Ament JD, Stryjewski TP, Ciolino JB, Todani A, Chodosh J, Dohlman CH. Cost-effectiveness of the Boston keratoprosthesis. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;149(2):221-8. - PubMed
    1. Ciolino JB, Belin MW, Todani A, Al-Arfaj K, Rudnisky CJ, Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis Study Group. Retention of the Boston keratoprosthesis type 1: multicenter study results. Ophthalmology 2013;120(6):1195-200. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rudnisky CJ, Belin MW, Todani A, Al-Arfaj K, Ament JD, Zerbe BJ, et al. Risk factors for the development of retroprosthetic membranes with Boston keratoprosthesis type 1: multicenter study results. Ophthalmology 2012;119(5):951-5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zerbe BL, Belin MW, Ciolino JB, Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis Study Group. Results from the multicenter Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis Study. Ophthalmology 2006;113(10):1779.e1-7. - PubMed
Chew 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chew HF, Ayres BD, Hammersmith KM, Rapuano CJ, Laibson PR, Myers JS, et al. Boston keratoprosthesis outcomes and complications. Cornea 2009;28(9):989-96. - PubMed
Dunlap 2010 {published data only}
    1. Akpek EK, Harissi-Dagher M, Petrarca R, Butrus SI, Pineda R 2nd, Aquavella JV, et al. Outcomes of Boston keratoprosthesis in aniridia: a retrospective multicenter study. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;144(2):227-31. - PubMed
    1. Dunlap K, Chak G, Aquavella JV, Myrowitz E, Utine CA, Akpek E. Short-term visual outcomes of Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis implantation. Ophthalmology 2010;117(4):687-92. - PubMed
    1. Khan BF, Harissi-Dagher M, Pavan-Langston D, Aquavella JV, Dohlman CH. The Boston keratoprosthesis in herpetic keratitis. Archives of Ophthalmology 2007;125(6):745-9. - PubMed
Ghaffariyeh 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ghaffariyeh A, Honarpisheh N, Karkhaneh A, Abudi R, Moroz ZI, Peyman A, et al. Fyodorov-Zuev keratoprosthesis implantation: long-term results in patients with multiple failed corneal grafts. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2011;249(1):93-101. - PubMed
Gonzalez‐Andrades 2017 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2010-024290-40-ES. Multicenter clinical trial to evaluate the safety and feasibility of allogeneic tissue engineered product (human nanostructured artificial cornea) in patients with advanced corneal trophic ulcers refractory to (ophthalmic) conventional treatment. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2010-024290-40/ES (first received 9 March 2012).
    1. Gonzalez AM, Martinez-Atienza J, Campos A, Arias-Santiago S, Gonzalez GC, Mataix B, et al. Preliminary results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the safety and feasibility of an allogeneic nanostructured artificial anterior human cornea. Cytotherapy 2017;19(5):S26.
    1. Gonzalez-Andrades M, Mata R, Gonzalez-Gallardo MDC, Medialdea S, Arias-Santiago S, Martinez-Atienza J, et al. A study protocol for a multicentre randomised clinical trial evaluating the safety and feasibility of a bioengineered human allogeneic nanostructured anterior cornea in patients with advanced corneal trophic ulcers refractory to conventional treatment. BMJ Open 2017;7(9):e016487. - PMC - PubMed
Greiner 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bradley JC, Hernandez EG, Schwab IR, Mannis MJ. Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis: the University of California Davis experience. Cornea 2009;28(3):321-7. - PubMed
    1. Greiner MA, Li JY, Mannis MJ. Longer-term vision outcomes and complications with the Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis at the University of California, Davis. Ophthalmology 2011;118(8):1543-50. - PubMed
    1. Shapiro BL, Cortes DE, Chin EK, Li JY, Werner JS, Redenbo E, et al. High-resolution spectral domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography in type 1 Boston keratoprosthesis. Cornea 2013;32(7):951-5. - PMC - PubMed
Guell 2011 {published data only}
    1. Guell JL, Arcos E, Gris O, Aristizabal D, Pacheco M, Sanchez CL, et al. Outcomes with the Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis at Instituto de Microcirugia Ocular IMO. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology 2011;25(3):281-4. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Verdejo-Gomez L, Pelaez N, Gris O, Guell JL. The Boston Type I keratoprosthesis: an assessment of its efficacy and safety. Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging 2011;42(6):446-52. - PubMed
Harissi‐Dagher 2007 {published data only}
    1. Harissi-Dagher M, Dohlman CH. The Boston keratoprosthesis in severe ocular trauma. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;43(2):165-9. - PubMed
    1. Harissi-Dagher M, Khan BF, Schaumberg DA, Dohlman CH. Importance of nutrition to corneal grafts when used as a carrier of the Boston keratoprosthesis. Cornea 2007;26(5):564-8. - PubMed
    1. Nouri M, Terada H, Alfonso EC, Foster CS, Durand ML, Dohlman CH. Endophthalmitis after keratoprosthesis: incidence, bacterial causes, and risk factors. Archives of Ophthalmology 2001;119(4):484-9. - PubMed
    1. Sayegh RR, Ang LP, Foster CS, Dohlman CH. The Boston keratoprosthesis in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;145(3):438-44. - PubMed
    1. Yaghouti F, Nouri M, Abad JC, Power WJ, Doane MG, Dohlman CH. Keratoprosthesis: preoperative prognostic categories. Cornea 2001;20(1):19-23. - PubMed
Hassan 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hassan O, Djalilian AR, Cortina MS. Keratolimbal allograft and Boston keratoprosthesis in management of aniridic keratopathy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2017;58(8):ARVO E-abstract 2602.
Hicks 2006 {published data only}
    1. Crawford GJ, Hicks CR, Lou X, Vijayasekaran S, Tan D, Mulholland B, et al. The Chirila keratoprosthesis: phase I human clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2002;109(5):883-9. - PubMed
    1. Hicks CR, Crawford GJ, Dart JK, Grabner G, Holland EJ, Stulting RD, et al. AlphaCor: clinical outcomes. Cornea 2006;25(9):1034-42. - PubMed
    1. Hicks CR, Crawford GJ, Lou X, Tan DT, Snibson GR, Sutton G, et al. Corneal replacement using a synthetic hydrogel cornea, AlphaCor: device, preliminary outcomes and complications. Eye 2003;17(3):385-92. - PubMed
    1. Hicks CR, Crawford GJ, Tan DT, Snibson GR, Sutton GL, Gondhowiardjo TD, et al. Outcomes of implantation of an artificial cornea, AlphaCor: effects of prior ocular herpes simplex infection. Cornea 2002;21(7):685-90. - PubMed
    1. Hicks CR, Macvie O, Crawford GJ, Constable IJ. A risk score as part of an evidence-based approach to the selection of corneal replacement surgery. Cornea 2005;24(5):523-30. - PubMed
Hille 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hille K, Hille A, Ruprecht KW. Medium term results in keratoprostheses with biocompatible and biological haptic. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2006;244(6):696-704. - PubMed
Jiraskova 2011 {published data only}
    1. Jiraskova N, Rozsival P, Burova M, Kalfertova M. AlphaCor artificial cornea: clinical outcome. Eye 2011;25(9):1138-46. - PMC - PubMed
Kamyar 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kamyar R, Weizer JS, Paula FH, Stein JD, Moroi SE, John D, et al. Glaucoma associated with Boston type I keratoprosthesis. Cornea 2012;31(2):134-9. - PMC - PubMed
Koller 2012 {published data only}
    1. Koller B, Neuhann T, Neuhann I. Results with the Boston keratoprosthesis. Ophthalmologe 2012;109(5):454-61. - PubMed
Muzychuk 2017 {published data only}
    1. Muzychuk AK, Robert MC, Dao S, Harissi-Dagher M. Boston keratoprosthesis type 1: a randomized controlled trial of fresh versus frozen corneal donor carriers with long-term follow-up. Ophthalmology 2017;124(1):20-6. - PubMed
NCT01582880 {published data only}
    1. NCT01582880. Use of cross-linked donor corneas as carriers for the Boston keratoprosthesis [The use of riboflavin/ultraviolet a cross-linked human donor corneas as carriers for the Boston keratoprosthesis]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01582880 (first received 23 April 2012).
NCT01950598 {published data only}
    1. NCT01950598. Frozen versus fresh corneal carriers for the Boston KPro type I donor carriers. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01950598 (first received 25 September 2013).
NCT02863809 {published data only}
    1. NCT02863809. Vision restoration with a collagen crosslinked Boston keratoprosthesis unit [A Phase I/II prospective, randomized, multicenter, double-masked, vehicle-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of corneal collagen cross-linking of keratoprosthesis carrier tissue in high-risk keratoprosthesis implantation]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02863809 (first received 11 August 2016).
NCT03041883 {published data only}
    1. NCT03041883. Corneal collagen crosslinking to increase the resistance of the support graft of the Kpro type I against corneal melting. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03041883 (first received 3 February 2017).
NCT03126903 {published data only}
    1. NCT03126903. A clinical study to evaluate the KeraKlear keratoprosthesis in patients with corneal opacity [A prospective, multicenter clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety and probable benefit of the KeraKlear non-penetrating keratoprosthesis in subjects with corneal opacity with poor prognosis for corneal transplant]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03126903 (first received 25 April 2017).
NCT03812341 {published data only}
    1. NCT03812341. Single patient expanded access of a prospective, multicenter clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety and probable benefit of the KeraKlear non-penetrating keratoprosthesis in subjects with corneal opacity with poor prognosis for corneal transplant. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03812341 (first received 23 January 2019).
Patel 2012 {published data only}
    1. Patel AP, Wu EI, Ritterband DC, Seedor JA. Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis: the New York Eye and Ear experience. Eye 2012;26(3):418-25. - PMC - PubMed
Plattner 2017 {published data only}
    1. Plattner K, Goldblum D, Halter J, Kunz C, Koeppl R, Gerber-Hollbach N. Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis in severe ocular graft versus host disease [Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprothese bei schwerer okularer graft-versus-host-reaktion]. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 2017;234(4):455-6. - PubMed
Shihadeh 2012 {published data only}
    1. Shihadeh WA, Mohidat HM. Outcomes of the Boston keratoprosthesis in Jordan. Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;19(1):97-100. - PMC - PubMed
Talajic 2012 {published data only}
    1. Robert MC, Biernacki K, Harissi-Dagher M. Boston keratoprosthesis type 1 surgery: use of frozen versus fresh corneal donor carriers. Cornea 2012;31(4):339-45. - PubMed
    1. Robert MC, Harissi-Dagher M. Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis: the CHUM experience. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 2011;46(2):164-8. - PubMed
    1. Talajic JC, Agoumi Y, Gagne S, Moussally K, Harissi-Dagher M. Prevalence, progression, and impact of glaucoma on vision after Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis surgery. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;153(2):267-74. - PubMed
Trichet 2013 {published data only}
    1. Trichet E, Carles G, Matonti F, Proust H, Ridings B, Conrath J, et al. Alphacor keratoprosthesis: device, surgical technique and clinical outcomes. Journal Francais d'Opthalmologie 2013;36(5):393-401. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

NCT02424006 {published data only}
    1. NCT02424006. Safety and effectiveness of the RHCIII-MPC biosynthetic cornea in patients requiring anterior lamellar keratoplasty [A prospective, randomized, open label clinical trial to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the RHCIII-MPC biosynthetic cornea compared to human cornea in patients requiring anterior lamellar keratoplasty]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02424006 (first received 22 April 2015).

Additional references

AAO PPP 2018
    1. American Academy of Ophthalmology Cornea/External Disease Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern® Guidelines. Corneal edema and opacification. www.aao.org/ppp (accessed 26 January 2020).
ACGR 1993
    1. The Australian Corneal Graft Registry. 1990 to 1992 report. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 1993;21(2 Suppl):1-48. - PubMed
Ahmad 2016
    1. Ahmad S, Mathews PM, Lindsley K, Alkharashi M, Hwang FS, Ng SM, et al. Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis versus repeat donor keratoplasty for corneal graft failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2016;123(1):165-77. - PubMed
Ament 2010
    1. Ament JD, Stryjewski TP, Ciolino JB, Todani A, Chodosh J, Dohlman CH. Cost-effectiveness of the Boston keratoprosthesis. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;149(2):221-8. - PubMed
EBAA 2011
    1. Eye Bank Association of America. 2011 Eye banking statistical report. restoresight.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/2012_Statistical_Report_FINA....
EBAA 2018
    1. Eye Bank Association of America. 2018 Eye banking statistical report. restoresight.org/what-we-do/publications/statistical-report/ (accessed 4 February 2020).
Godefrooij 2016
    1. Godefrooij DA, Gans R, Imhof SM, Wisse RP. Nationwide reduction in the number of corneal transplantations for keratoconus following the implementation of cross-linking. Acta Ophthalmologica 2016;94(7):675-8. - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Higgins 2017
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC, editor(s). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). Cochrane, 2017. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Ilhan‐Sarac 2005
    1. Ilhan-Sarac O, Akpek EK. Current concepts and techniques in keratoprosthesis. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2005;16(4):246-50. - PubMed
Kitazawa 2018
    1. Kitazawa K, Wakimasu K, Kayukawa K, Yokota I, Inatomi T, Hieda O, et al. Moderately long-term safety and efficacy of repeat penetrating keratoplasty. Cornea 2018;37(10):1255-9. - PubMed
Koppen 2018
    1. Koppen C, Kreps EO, Anthonissen L, Van Hoey M, Dhubhghaill SN, Vermeulen L. Scleral lenses reduce the need for corneal transplants in severe keratoconus. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2018;185:43-7. - PubMed
Ma 2005
    1. Ma JJ, Graney JM, Dohlman CH. Repeat penetrating keratoplasty versus the Boston keratoprosthesis in graft failure. International Ophthalmology Clinics 2005;45(4):49-59. - PubMed
MEEI 2019
    1. Massachusettes Eye and Ear Infirmary. Boston KPro Newsletter XIV: 2019. eye.hms.harvard.edu/files/eye/files/kpro_2019_newsletterfinalweb.pdf.
Michael 2008
    1. Michael R, Charoenrook V, la Paz MF, Hitzl W, Temprano J, Barraquer RI. Long-term functional and anatomical results of osteo- and osteoodonto-keratoprosthesis. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2008;246(8):1133-7. - PubMed
Murthy 2012
    1. Murthy GVS, Johnson GJ. Chapter 1: Prevalence, incidence and distribution of visual impairment. In: Johnson GJ, Minassian DC, Weale RA, West SK, editors(s). The Epidemiology of Eye Disease. 3rd edition. Imperial College Press, 2012.
Reeves 2011
    1. Reeves BC, Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Wells GA. Chapter 13: Including non-randomized studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Review Manager 2014 [Computer program]
    1. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Sarezky 2017
    1. Sarezky D, Orlin SE, Pan W, VanderBeek BL. Trends in corneal transplantation in keratoconus. Cornea 2017;36(2):131-7. - PMC - PubMed
Siganos 2010
    1. Siganos CS, Tsiklis NS, Miltsakakis DG, Georgiadis NS, Georgiadou IN, Kymionis GD, et al. Changing indications for penetrating keratoplasty in Greece, 1982-2006: a multicenter study. Cornea 2010;29(4):372-4. - PubMed
Thompson 2003
    1. Thompson RW Jr, Price MO, Bowers PJ, Price FW Jr. Long-term graft survival after penetrating keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 2003;110(7):1396-402. - PubMed
Todani 2011
    1. Todani A, Ciolino JB, Ament JD, Colby KA, Pineda R, Belin MW, et al. Titanium back plate for a PMMA keratoprosthesis: clinical outcomes. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2011;249(10):1515-8. - PMC - PubMed
Utine 2011
    1. Utine CA, Tzu J, Dunlap K, Akpek EK. Visual and clinical outcomes of explantation versus preservation of the intraocular lens during keratoprosthesis implantation. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2011;37(9):1615-22. - PubMed
Wagoner 2009
    1. Wagoner MD, Gonnah ES, Al-Towerki AE, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital Cornea Transplant Study Group. Outcome of primary adult penetrating keratoplasty in a Saudi Arabian population. Cornea 2009;28(8):882-90. - PubMed
Whitcher 2001
    1. Whitcher JP, Srinivasan M, Upadhyay MP. Corneal blindness: a global perspective. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2001;79(3):214-21. - PMC - PubMed
Williams 2008
    1. Williams KA, Lowe M, Bartlett C, Kelly TL, Coster DJ. Risk factors for human corneal graft failure within the Australian corneal graft registry. Transplantation 2008;86(12):1720-4. - PubMed
Yildiz 2010
    1. Yildiz EH, Hoskins E, Fram N, Rapuano CJ, Hammersmith KM, Laibson PR, et al. Third or greater penetrating keratoplasties: indications, survival, and visual outcomes. Cornea 2010;29(3):254-9. - PubMed
Zerbe 2006
    1. Zerbe BL, Belin MW, Ciolino JB, Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis Study Group. Results from the multicenter Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis Study. Ophthalmology 2006;113(10):1779. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Akpek 2012
    1. Akpek EK, Alkharashi M, Lindsley K. Artificial corneas versus donor corneas for repeat corneal transplants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009561] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Akpek 2014
    1. Akpek EK, Alkharashi M, Hwang FS, Ng SM, Lindsley K. Artificial corneas versus donor corneas for repeat corneal transplants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009561.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources