Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure

Martine Hoogman^{1

2}, Daan van Rooij^{2

3}, Marieke Klein^{1

2

4}, Premika Boedhoe⁵, Iva Ilioska³, Ting Li^{1

2}, Yash Patel⁶, Merel C Postema⁷, Yanli Zhang-James⁸, Evdokia Anagnostou⁹, Celso Arango^{10

11}, Guillaume Auzias¹², Tobias Banaschewski¹³, Claiton H D Bau^{14

15

16}, Marlene Behrmann¹⁷, Mark A Bellgrove¹⁸, Daniel Brandeis^{13

19

20}, Silvia Brem^{19

20}, Geraldo F Busatto²¹, Sara Calderoni^{22

23

24}, Rosa Calvo^{25

26

27

28}, Francisco X Castellanos^{28

29}, David Coghill^{30

31}, Annette Conzelmann^{32

33}, Eileen Daly³⁴, Christine Deruelle¹², Ilan Dinstein³⁵, Sarah Durston³⁶, Christine Ecker^{34

37}, Stefan Ehrlich^{38

39}, Jeffery N Epstein^{40

41}, Damien A Fair^{42

43}, Jacqueline Fitzgerald⁴⁴, Christine M Freitag³⁷, Thomas Frodl^{44

45

46}, Louise Gallagher⁴⁴, Eugenio H Grevet^{15

16

47}, Jan Haavik^{48

49}, Pieter J Hoekstra⁵⁰, Joost Janssen¹⁰, Georgii Karkashadze⁵¹, Joseph A King³⁸, Kerstin Konrad^{52

53}, Jonna Kuntsi⁵⁴, Luisa Lazaro^{24

25

26

27}, Jason P Lerch^{55

56

57}, Klaus-Peter Lesch^{58

59

60}, Mario R Louza⁶¹, Beatriz Luna⁶², Paulo Mattos^{63

64}, Jane McGrath⁴⁴, Filippo Muratori^{22

23}, Clodagh Murphy³⁴, Joel T Nigg^{42

43}, Eileen Oberwelland-Weiss^{53

65}, Ruth L O'Gorman Tuura^{66

67}, Kirsten O'Hearn⁶⁸, Jaap Oosterlaan^{69

70}, Mara Parellada^{10

11}, Paul Pauli⁷¹, Kerstin J Plessen^{72

73}, J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga^{26

74

75

76}, Andreas Reif⁷⁷, Liesbeth Reneman^{78

79}, Alessandra Retico⁸⁰, Pedro G P Rosa²¹, Katya Rubia⁸¹, Philip Shaw^{82

83}, Tim J Silk^{31

84}, Leanne Tamm^{41

85}, Oscar Vilarroya^{76

86}, Susanne Walitza^{19

20}, Neda Jahanshad⁸⁷, Stephen V Faraone⁸⁸, Clyde Francks^{2

7}, Odile A van den Heuvel⁵, Tomas Paus^{6

89}, Paul M Thompson⁸⁷, Jan K Buitelaar^{2

3

90}, Barbara Franke^{1

2

91}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
² Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
³ Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁶ Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁷ Department of Language & Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁸ Department of Psychiatry and behavioral sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
⁹ Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
¹¹ School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
¹² INT UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, France.
¹³ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
¹⁴ Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁵ Adulthood ADHD Outpatient Program (ProDAH), Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁶ Developmental Psychiatry Program, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁷ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
¹⁸ Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁰ The Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²¹ Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
²² Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.
²³ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁵ IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁶ Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.
²⁷ Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁸ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York, New York, USA.
²⁹ Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA.
³⁰ Department of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
³¹ Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
³² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany.
³³ PFH - Private University of Applied Sciences, Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology II), Göttingen, Germany.
³⁴ Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
³⁵ Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel.
³⁶ NICHE lab, Deptartment of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
³⁷ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
³⁸ Division of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
³⁹ Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Center at the Dept. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁴⁰ Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁴² Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
⁴³ Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁴⁶ German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
⁴⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁴⁸ K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁴⁹ Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
⁵⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
⁵¹ Scientific research institute of Pediatrics and child health of Central clinical Hospital RAoS, Moscow, Russia.
⁵² Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
⁵³ JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Julich, Germany.
⁵⁴ Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁵⁵ Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
⁵⁶ The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁷ Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁸ Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
⁵⁹ Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
⁶⁰ Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁶¹ Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁶² Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁶³ D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁶⁴ Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Translational Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
⁶⁶ Center for MR Research, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁶⁷ Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland.
⁶⁸ Department of physiology and pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
⁶⁹ Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁰ Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷¹ Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Germany.
⁷² Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁷³ Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁷⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁵ Group of Psychiatry, Addictions and Mental Health, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁷⁸ Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁹ Brain Imaging Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁸⁰ National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Pisa, Italy.
⁸¹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁸² National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
⁸³ National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
⁸⁴ Deakin University, School of Psychology, Geelong, Australia.
⁸⁵ College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁸⁶ Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
⁸⁷ Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
⁸⁸ Department of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
⁸⁹ Departments of Psychology & Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁹⁰ Karakter child and adolescent psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

PMID: 32420680
PMCID: PMC8675410
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25029

Review

Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure

Martine Hoogman et al. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022 Jan.

. 2022 Jan;43(1):37-55.

doi: 10.1002/hbm.25029. Epub 2020 May 18.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
² Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
³ Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁶ Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁷ Department of Language & Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁸ Department of Psychiatry and behavioral sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
⁹ Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
¹¹ School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
¹² INT UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, France.
¹³ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
¹⁴ Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁵ Adulthood ADHD Outpatient Program (ProDAH), Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁶ Developmental Psychiatry Program, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁷ Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
¹⁸ Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁰ The Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²¹ Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
²² Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.
²³ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁵ IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁶ Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.
²⁷ Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁸ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York, New York, USA.
²⁹ Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA.
³⁰ Department of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
³¹ Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
³² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany.
³³ PFH - Private University of Applied Sciences, Department of Psychology (Clinical Psychology II), Göttingen, Germany.
³⁴ Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
³⁵ Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel.
³⁶ NICHE lab, Deptartment of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
³⁷ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
³⁸ Division of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
³⁹ Eating Disorders Research and Treatment Center at the Dept. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁴⁰ Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁴² Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
⁴³ Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁴⁶ German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
⁴⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁴⁸ K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
⁴⁹ Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
⁵⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
⁵¹ Scientific research institute of Pediatrics and child health of Central clinical Hospital RAoS, Moscow, Russia.
⁵² Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
⁵³ JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Julich, Germany.
⁵⁴ Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁵⁵ Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
⁵⁶ The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁷ Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁸ Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
⁵⁹ Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
⁶⁰ Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁶¹ Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁶² Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁶³ D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁶⁴ Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Translational Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
⁶⁶ Center for MR Research, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁶⁷ Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland.
⁶⁸ Department of physiology and pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
⁶⁹ Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁰ Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷¹ Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Germany.
⁷² Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁷³ Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁷⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁵ Group of Psychiatry, Addictions and Mental Health, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁷⁸ Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁹ Brain Imaging Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁸⁰ National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Pisa, Italy.
⁸¹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁸² National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
⁸³ National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
⁸⁴ Deakin University, School of Psychology, Geelong, Australia.
⁸⁵ College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁸⁶ Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
⁸⁷ Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
⁸⁸ Department of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
⁸⁹ Departments of Psychology & Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁹⁰ Karakter child and adolescent psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

PMID: 32420680
PMCID: PMC8675410
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25029

Abstract

Neuroimaging has been extensively used to study brain structure and function in individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) over the past decades. Two of the main shortcomings of the neuroimaging literature of these disorders are the small sample sizes employed and the heterogeneity of methods used. In 2013 and 2014, the ENIGMA-ADHD and ENIGMA-ASD working groups were respectively, founded with a common goal to address these limitations. Here, we provide a narrative review of the thus far completed and still ongoing projects of these working groups. Due to an implicitly hierarchical psychiatric diagnostic classification system, the fields of ADHD and ASD have developed largely in isolation, despite the considerable overlap in the occurrence of the disorders. The collaboration between the ENIGMA-ADHD and -ASD working groups seeks to bring the neuroimaging efforts of the two disorders closer together. The outcomes of case-control studies of subcortical and cortical structures showed that subcortical volumes are similarly affected in ASD and ADHD, albeit with small effect sizes. Cortical analyses identified unique differences in each disorder, but also considerable overlap between the two, specifically in cortical thickness. Ongoing work is examining alternative research questions, such as brain laterality, prediction of case-control status, and anatomical heterogeneity. In brief, great strides have been made toward fulfilling the aims of the ENIGMA collaborations, while new ideas and follow-up analyses continue that include more imaging modalities (diffusion MRI and resting-state functional MRI), collaborations with other large databases, and samples with dual diagnoses.

Keywords: ADHD; ASD; ENIGMA; cortex; neuroimaging; subcortical volumes.

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Conflict of interest statement

Paul M. Thompson was supported in part by a research grant from Biogen, Inc. (Boston, USA) for research unrelated to this manuscript. Odile A. van den Heuvel received speaker honorarium from Benecke. David Coghill served in an advisory or consultancy role for Lilly, Medice, Novartis, Oxford outcomes, Shire and Viforpharma. He received conference support or speaker's fee by Janssen McNeil, Lilly, Medice, Novartis, Shire and Sunovian. He is/has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Lilly & Shire. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. Jonna Kuntsi has given talks at educational events sponsored by and Medicine; all funds are received by King's College London and used for studies of ADHD. Paulo Mattos was on the speakers' bureau and/or acted as consultant for Janssen‐Cilag, Novartis, and Shire in the previous 5 years; he also received travel awards to participate in scientific meetings from those companies. The ADHD outpatient program (Grupo de Estudos do Déficit de Atenção/Institute of Psychiatry) chaired by Dr. Mattos has also received research support from Novartis and Shire.The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. Tobias Banaschewski served in an advisory or consultancy role for Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Shire, and Infectopharm. He received conference support or speaker's fee by Lilly, Medice, and Shire. He received royalities from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, Oxford University Press; the present work is unrelated to these relationships. Katya Rubia received a grant from Takeda pharmaceuticals for another project. Jan Haavik has received speaker fees from Lilly, Novartis and Janssen Cilag. Stephen V. Faraone, received income, potential income, travel expenses continuing education support and/or research support from Tris, Otsuka, Arbor, Ironshore, Shire, Akili Interactive Labs, VAYA, Ironshore, Sunovion, Supernus and Genomind. With his institution, he has US patent US20130217707 A1 for the use of sodium‐hydrogen exchange inhibitors in the treatment of ADHD. Kerstin Konrad received speaking fees from Medice, Lilly and Shire. Josep‐Antoni Ramos‐Quiroga Josep‐Antoni Ramos‐Quiroga was on the speakers' bureau and/or acted as a consultant for Eli‐Lilly, Janssen‐Cilag, Novartis, Shire, Lundbeck, Almirall, Braingaze, Sincrolab, Medice and Rubió in the last 5 years. He also received travel awards (air tickets + hotel) for taking part in psychiatric meetings from Janssen‐Cilag, Medice, Rubió, Shire, and Eli‐ Lilly. The Department of Psychiatry chaired by him received unrestricted educational and research support from the following companies in the last 5 years: Eli‐Lilly, Lundbeck, Janssen‐ Cilag, Actelion, Shire, Ferrer, Oryzon, Roche, Psious, and Rubió. Klaus‐Peter Lesch served as a speaker for Eli Lilly and received research support from Medice, and travel support from Shire, all outside the submitted work. Pieter Hoekstra received a research grant from Shire and was part of the advisory board of Shire. Jan Buitelaar has been in the past 3 years a consultant to/member of advisory board of / and/or speaker for Janssen Cilag BV, Eli Lilly, Medice, Shire, Roche, and Servier. He is not an employee of any of these companies, and not a stock shareholder of any of these companies. He has no other financial or material support, including expert testimony, patents, royalties. Barbara Franke has received educational speaking fees from Medice. Susanne Walitza has received lecture honoraria from Eli‐Lilly, Opopharma in the last 5 years and her outside professional activities and interests are declared under the link of the University of Zurich www.uzh.ch/prof/ssl-dir/interessenbindungen/client/web. Daniel Brandeis serves as an unpaid scientific consultant for an EU‐funded neurofeedback trial. Georgii Karkashadze received payment for the authorship of the article and speaker fees from Sanofi and from Pikfarma. Dr. Anagnostou has served as a consultant or advisory board member for Roche and Takeda; she has received funding from the Alva Foundation, Autism Speaks, Brain Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Department of Defense, the National Centers of Excellence, NIH, the Ontario Brain Institute, the Physicians' Services Incorporated (PSI) Foundation, Sanofi‐Aventis, and SynapDx, as well as in‐kind research support from AMO Pharma; she receives royalties from American Psychiatric Press and Springer and an editorial honorarium from Wiley. Her contribution is on behalf of the POND network. Dr. Arango has served as a consultant for or received honoraria or grants from Acadia, Abbott, Amgen, CIBERSAM, Fundación Alicia Koplowitz, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Janssen‐Cilag, Lundbeck, Merck, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (co‐financed by the European Regional Development Fund “A way of making Europe,” CIBERSAM, the Madrid Regional Government [S2010/BMD‐2422 AGES], the European Union Structural Funds, and the European Union Seventh Framework Programmeunder grant agreements FP7‐HEALTH‐2009‐2.2.1‐2‐241909, FP7‐HEALTH‐2009‐2.2.1‐3‐242114, FP7‐HEALTH‐2013‐2.2.1‐2‐603196, and FP7‐HEALTH‐2013‐2.2.1‐2‐602478), Otsuka, Pfizer, Roche, Servier, Shire, Takeda, and Schering‐Plow. Dr. Freitag has served as a consultant for Desitin regarding issues on ASD.

Figures

**FIGURE 1**
Cohen's d effect sizes for the subcortical volumes and total intracranial volume (ICV) for both ADHD and ASD cohorts as compared to controls. Figures taken and adapted from Hoogman et al. (2017) and van Rooij et al. (2018)

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure

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Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure

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