Meta-Analysis
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub2.
Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease
Affiliations
- PMID: 32428300
- PMCID: PMC7388853
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub2
Item in Clipboard
Meta-Analysis
Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
.
Update in
-
Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 21;8(8):CD011737. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020. PMID: 32827219 Free PMC article.
Abstract
Background: Reducing saturated fat reduces serum cholesterol, but effects on other intermediate outcomes may be less clear. Additionally, it is unclear whether the energy from saturated fats eliminated from the diet are more helpfully replaced by polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, carbohydrate or protein.
Objectives: To assess the effect of reducing saturated fat intake and replacing it with carbohydrate (CHO), polyunsaturated (PUFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and/or protein on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, using all available randomised clinical trials.
Search methods: We updated our searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid) and Embase (Ovid) on 15 October 2019, and searched Clinicaltrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) on 17 October 2019.
Selection criteria: Included trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised; 2) intention to reduce saturated fat intake OR intention to alter dietary fats and achieving a reduction in saturated fat; 3) compared with higher saturated fat intake or usual diet; 4) not multifactorial; 5) in adult humans with or without cardiovascular disease (but not acutely ill, pregnant or breastfeeding); 6) intervention duration at least 24 months; 7) mortality or cardiovascular morbidity data available.
Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed inclusion, extracted study data and assessed risk of bias. We performed random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression, subgrouping, sensitivity analyses, funnel plots and GRADE assessment.
Main results: We included 15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (16 comparisons, ~59,000 participants), that used a variety of interventions from providing all food to advice on reducing saturated fat. The included long-term trials suggested that reducing dietary saturated fat reduced the risk of combined cardiovascular events by 21% (risk ratio (RR) 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 0.93, 11 trials, 53,300 participants of whom 8% had a cardiovascular event, I² = 65%, GRADE moderate-quality evidence). Meta-regression suggested that greater reductions in saturated fat (reflected in greater reductions in serum cholesterol) resulted in greater reductions in risk of CVD events, explaining most heterogeneity between trials. The number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) was 56 in primary prevention trials, so 56 people need to reduce their saturated fat intake for ~four years for one person to avoid experiencing a CVD event. In secondary prevention trials, the NNTB was 32. Subgrouping did not suggest significant differences between replacement of saturated fat calories with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate, and data on replacement with monounsaturated fat and protein was very limited. We found little or no effect of reducing saturated fat on all-cause mortality (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03; 11 trials, 55,858 participants) or cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.12, 10 trials, 53,421 participants), both with GRADE moderate-quality evidence. There was little or no effect of reducing saturated fats on non-fatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.07) or CHD mortality (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.16, both low-quality evidence), but effects on total (fatal or non-fatal) myocardial infarction, stroke and CHD events (fatal or non-fatal) were all unclear as the evidence was of very low quality. There was little or no effect on cancer mortality, cancer diagnoses, diabetes diagnosis, HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides or blood pressure, and small reductions in weight, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and BMI. There was no evidence of harmful effects of reducing saturated fat intakes.
Authors' conclusions: The findings of this updated review suggest that reducing saturated fat intake for at least two years causes a potentially important reduction in combined cardiovascular events. Replacing the energy from saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate appear to be useful strategies, while effects of replacement with monounsaturated fat are unclear. The reduction in combined cardiovascular events resulting from reducing saturated fat did not alter by study duration, sex or baseline level of cardiovascular risk, but greater reduction in saturated fat caused greater reductions in cardiovascular events.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00000611 NCT02062424 NCT00692536 NCT01954472 NCT01005498 NCT01634841 NCT03354377.
Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conflict of interest statement
Lee Hooper: LH is a member of the World Health Organization Nutrition Guidance Expert Advisory Group (NUGAG). WHO paid for her travel, accommodation and expenses to attend NUGAG meetings in Geneva, China and South Korea where the evidence of effects of dietary fats on health was discussed and guidance developed. LH's institution was given grant funding from WHO to carry out the 2019 update of this systematic review, to update a systematic review on the relationship between total fat intake and body weight and a series of systematic reviews on the health effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Nicole Martin: None known
Asmaa Abdelhamid: None known
Oluseyi Florence Jimoh: This review was funded by a grant from the World Health Organization.
Eve Foster: None known
Christian Kirk: None known
Figures
Study flow diagram for this systematic review (update searches run October 2019).
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study. Please note that while Rose 1965 (Rose corn oil 1965; Rose olive 1965) appears twice in this summary, it is a single trial. Rose 1965 was a 3‐arm trial and we have used the two intervention arms separately in the review.
Funnel plot of comparison: fat modification or reduction vs usual diet ‐ total mortality.
Funnel plot of comparison: fat modification or reduction vs usual diet ‐ cardiovascular mortality
Funnel plot of comparison: fat modification or reduction vs usual diet ‐ combined cardiovascular events.
Exploration of saturated fat cut‐offs
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 1: ALL‐CAUSE MORTALITY
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 2: All‐cause mortality, SA low summary risk of bias
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 3: All‐cause mortality, SA aim to reduce SFA
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 4: All‐cause mortality, SA statistically significant SFA reduction
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 5: All‐cause mortality, SA TC reduction
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 6: All‐cause mortality, SA excluding WHI
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 7: All‐cause mortality, SA Mantel‐Haenszel fixed‐effect
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 8: All‐cause mortality, SA Peto fixed‐effect
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 9: All‐cause mortality, subgroup by any substitution
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 10: All‐cause mortality, subgroup by main substitution
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 11: All‐cause mortality, subgroup by duration
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 12: All‐cause mortality, subgroup by baseline SFA
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 13: All‐cause mortality, subgroup by SFA change
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 14: All‐cause mortality, subgroup by sex
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 15: All‐cause mortality, subgroup by CVD risk
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 16: All‐cause mortality, subgroup by TC reduction
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 17: All‐cause mortality, subgroup decade of publication
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 18: CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 19: CVD mortality, SA low summary risk of bias
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 20: CVD mortality, SA aim to reduce SFA
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 21: CVD mortality, SA statistically significant SFA reduction
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 22: CVD mortality, SA TC reduction
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 23: CVD mortality, SA excluding WHI
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 24: CVD mortality, SA Mantel‐Haenszel fixed‐effect
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 25: CVD mortality, SA Peto fixed‐effect
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 26: CVD mortality, subgroup by any substitution
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 27: CVD mortality, subgroup by main substitution
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 28: CVD mortality, subgroup by duration
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 29: CVD mortality, subgroup by baseline SFA
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 30: CVD mortality, subgroup by SFA change
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 31: CVD mortality, subgroup by sex
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 32: CVD mortality, subgroup by CVD risk
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 33: CVD mortality, subgroup by TC reduction
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 34: CVD mortality, subgroup decade of publication
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 35: COMBINED CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 36: CVD events, SA low summary risk of bias
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 37: CVD events, SA aim to reduce SFA
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 38: CVD events, SA statistically significant SFA reduction
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 39: CVD events, SA TC reduction
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 40: CVD events, SA excluding WHI
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 41: CVD events, SA Mantel‐Haenszel fixed‐effect
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 42: CVD events, SA Peto fixed‐effect
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 43: CVD events, SA excluding trials with additional interventions
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 44: CVD events, subgroup by any substitution
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 45: CVD events, subgroup by main substitution
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 46: CVD events, subgroup by duration
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 47: CVD events, subgroup by baseline SFA
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 48: CVD events, subgroup by SFA change
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 49: CVD events, subgroup by sex
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 50: CVD events, subgroup by CVD risk
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 51: CVD events, subgroup by TC reduction
Comparison 1: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ primary outcomes, Outcome 52: CVD events, subgroup decade of publication
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 1: MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 2: MI, SA by low summary risk of bias
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 3: MI, SA aim to reduce SFA
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 4: MI, SA statistically significant SFA reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 5: MI, SA by TC reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 6: MI, SA excluding WHI
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 7: MI, SA Mantel‐Haenszel fixed‐effect
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 8: MI, SA Peto fixed‐effect
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 9: MI, subgroup by any substitution
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 10: MI, subgroup by main substitution
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 11: MI, subgroup by duration
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 12: MI, subgroup by baseline SFA
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 13: MI, subgroup by SFA change
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 14: MI, subgroup by sex
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 15: MI, subgroup by CVD risk
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 16: MI, subgroup by TC reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 17: MI, subgroup decade of publication
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 18: NON‐FATAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 19: Non‐fatal MI, SA by low summary risk of bias
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 20: Non‐fatal MI, SA aim to reduce SFA
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 21: Non‐fatal MI, SA statistically significant SFA reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 22: Non‐fatal MI, SA by TC reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 23: Non‐fatal MI, SA excluding WHI
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 24: Non‐fatal MI, SA Mantel‐Haenszel fixed‐effect
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 25: Non‐fatal MI, SA Peto fixed‐effect
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 26: Non‐fatal MI, subgroup by any substitution
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 27: Non‐fatal MI, subgroup by main substitution
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 28: Non‐fatal MI, subgroup by duration
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 29: Non‐fatal MI, subgroup by baseline SFA
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 30: Non‐fatal MI, subgroup by SFA change
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 31: Non‐fatal MI, subgroup by sex
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 32: Non‐fatal MI, subgroup by CVD risk
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 33: Non‐fatal MI, subgroup by TC reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 34: Non‐fatal MI, subgroup decade of publication
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 35: STROKE
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 36: Stroke, SA by low summary risk of bias
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 37: Stroke, SA aim to reduce SFA
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 38: Stroke, SA statistically significant SFA reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 39: Stroke, SA by TC reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 40: Stroke, SA excluding WHI
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 41: Stroke, SA Mantel‐Haenszel fixed‐effect
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 42: Stroke, SA Peto fixed‐effect
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 43: Stroke, subgroup by any substitution
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 44: Stroke, subgroup by main substitution
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 45: Stroke, subgroup by duration
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 46: Stroke, subgroup by baseline SFA
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 47: Stroke, subgroup by SFA change
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 48: Stroke, subgroup by sex
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 49: Stroke, subgroup by CVD risk
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 50: Stroke, subgroup by TC reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 51: Stroke, subgroup decade of publication
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 52: CORONARY HEART DISEASE MORTALITY
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 53: CHD mortality, SA by low summary risk of bias
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 54: CHD mortality, SA aim to reduce SFA
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 55: CHD mortality, SA statistically significant SFA reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 56: CHD mortality, SA by TC reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 57: CHD mortality, SA excluding WHI
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 58: CHD mortality, SA Mantel‐Haenszel fixed‐effect
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 59: CHD mortality, SA Peto fixed‐effect
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 60: CHD mortality, subgroup by any substitution
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 61: CHD mortality, subgroup by main substitution
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 62: CHD mortality, subgroup by duration
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 63: CHD mortality, subgroup by baseline SFA
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 64: CHD mortality, subgroup by SFA change
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 65: CHD mortality, subgroup by sex
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 66: CHD mortality, subgroup by CVD risk
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 67: CHD mortality, subgroup by TC reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 68: CHD mortality, subgroup decade of publication
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 69: CORONARY HEART DISEASE EVENTS
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 70: CHD events, SA by low summary risk of bias
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 71: CHD events, SA excluding WHI
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 72: CHD events, SA statistically significant SFA reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 73: CHD events, SA by TC reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 74: CHD events, SA aim to reduce SFA
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 75: CHD events, SA Mantel‐Haenszel fixed‐effect
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 76: CHD events, SA Peto fixed‐effect
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 77: CHD events, subgroup by any substitution
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 78: CHD events, subgroup by main substitution
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 79: CHD events, subgroup by duration
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 80: CHD events, subgroup by baseline SFA
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 81: CHD events, subgroup by SFA change
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 82: CHD events, subgroup by sex
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 83: CHD events, subgroup by CVD risk
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 84: CHD events, subgroup by TC reduction
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 85: CHD events, subgroup decade of publication
Comparison 2: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary health events, Outcome 86: DIABETES DIAGNOSES
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 1: Total cholesterol, mmol/L
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 2: TC, mmol/L, subgroup by any replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 3: TC, mmol/L, subgroup by main replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 4: LDL cholesterol, mmol/L
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 5: LDL, mmol/L, subgroup by any replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 6: LDL, mmol/L, subgroup by main replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 7: HDL cholesterol, mmol/L
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 8: HDL, mmol/L, subgroup by any replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 9: HDL, mmol/L, subgroup by main replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 10: Triglycerides, mmol/L
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 11: TG, mmol/L, subgroup by any replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 12: TG, mmol/L, subgroup by main replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 13: total cholesterol /HDL ratio
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 14: TC /HDL ratio, subgroup by any replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 15: TC /HDL ratio, subgroup by main replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 16: LDL /HDL ratio
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 17: Lp(a), mmol/L
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 18: Lp(a), mmol/L, subgroup by any replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 19: Lp(a), mmol/L, subgroup by main replacement
Comparison 3: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary blood outcomes, Outcome 20: Insulin sensitivity
Comparison 4: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary outcomes including potential adverse effects, Outcome 1: Cancer diagnoses
Comparison 4: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary outcomes including potential adverse effects, Outcome 2: Cancer deaths
Comparison 4: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary outcomes including potential adverse effects, Outcome 3: Weight, kg
Comparison 4: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary outcomes including potential adverse effects, Outcome 4: BMI, kg/m2
Comparison 4: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary outcomes including potential adverse effects, Outcome 5: Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg
Comparison 4: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary outcomes including potential adverse effects, Outcome 6: Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg
Comparison 4: SFA reduction vs usual diet ‐ secondary outcomes including potential adverse effects, Outcome 7: Quality of Life
Update of
-
Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 10;(6):CD011737. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011737. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 19;5:CD011737. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub2. PMID: 26068959 Updated.
References
References to studies included in this review
Black 1994 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Black HS, Herd JA, Goldberg LH, Wolf JE Jr, Thornby JI, Rosen T, et al. Effect of a low-fat diet on the incidence of actinic keratosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330(18):1272-5. - PubMed
-
- Black HS, Thornby JI, Wolf JE Jr, Goldberg LH, Herd JA, Rosen T, et al. Evidence that a low-fat diet reduces the occurrence of non-melanoma skin cancer. International Journal of Cancer 1995;62(2):165-9. - PubMed
-
- Jaax S, Scott LW, Wolf JE Jr, Thornby JI, Black HS. General guidelines for a low-fat diet effective in the management and prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Nutrition and Cancer 1997;27(2):150-6. - PubMed
DART 1989 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989;2(8666):757-61. - PubMed
-
- Burr ML, Fehily AM, Rogers S, Welsby E, King S, Sandham S. Diet and reinfarction trial (DART): design, recruitment, and compliance. European Heart Journal 1989;10(6):558-67. - PubMed
-
- Burr ML, Fehily AM. Fish and the heart. Lancet 1989;ii:1450-2. - PubMed
-
- Burr ML, Holliday RM, Fehily AM, Whitehead PJ. Haematological prognostic indices after myocardial infarction: evidence from the diet and reinfarction trial (DART). European Heart Journal 1992;13(2):166-70. - PubMed
-
- Burr ML, Sweetham PM, Fehily AM. Diet and reinfarction [letter]. European Heart Journal 1994;15(8):1152-3. - PubMed
Houtsmuller 1979 {published data only}
-
- Houtsmuller AJ, Van Hal-Ferwerda J, Zahn KJ, Henkes HE. Favourable influences of linoleic acid on the progression of diabetic micro- and macroangiopathy. Nutrition and Metabolism 1980;24(Suppl 1):105-18. - PubMed
-
- Houtsmuller AJ, Van Hal-Ferwerda J, Zahn KJ, Henkes HE. Influence of different diets on the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Progress in Food Nutritition and Science 1980;4(5):41-6. - PubMed
-
- Houtsmuller AJ, Zahn KJ, Henkes HE. Unsaturated fats and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Documenta Ophthalmologia 1979;48(2):363-71. - PubMed
Ley 2004 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Ley SJ, Metcalf PA, Scragg RK, Swinburn BA. Long-term effects of a reduced fat diet intervention on cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with glucose intolerance. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2004;63(2):103-12. - PubMed
-
- Swinburn BA, Metcalf PA, Ley SJ. Long-term (5-year) effects of a reduced-fat diet intervention in individuals with glucose intolerance. Diabetes Care 2001;24(4):619-24. - PubMed
-
- Swinburn BA, Woollard GA, Chang EC, Wilson MR. Effects of reduced-fat diets consumed ad libitum on intake of nutrients particularly antioxidant vitamins. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1999;99(11):1400-5. - PubMed
Moy 2001 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Moy TF, Yanek LR, Raqueno JV, Bezirdjian PJ, Blumenthal RS, Wilder LB, et al. Dietary counseling for high blood cholesterol in families at risk of coronary disease. Preventive Cardiology 2001;4(4):158-64. - PubMed
MRC 1968 {published and unpublished data}
Oslo Diet‐Heart 1966 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Leren P. Prevention of coronary heart disease, some results from the Oslo secondary and primary intervention studies. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1989;8(5):407-10. - PubMed
-
- Leren P. The Oslo diet-heart study. Eleven year report. Circulation 1970;42(5):935-42. - PubMed
-
- Leren P. The effect of a cholesterol lowering diet in male survivors of myocardial infarction. A controlled clinical trial) [Virkningen av cholesterolsenkende diett hos menn som har gjennomgatt hjerteinfarkt. Et kontrollert klinisk fors/ok]. Nordisk Medicin 1967;77(21):658-61. - PubMed
-
- Leren P. The effect of plasma cholesterol lowering diet in male survivors of myocardial infarction. A controlled clinical trial. Acta Medica Scandinavia 1966;466 Suppl:1-92. - PubMed
Oxford Retinopathy 1978 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Coppack SW, Doll HA, Pim B, Hockaday TD. Intravenous glucose tolerance and mortality in non-insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 1990;75(277):451-60. - PubMed
-
- Hillson RM, Hockaday TD, Mann JI, Newton DJ. Hyperinsulinaemia is associated with development of ECG abnormalities in diabetics. Diabetes Research 1984;1(3):143-9. - PubMed
-
- Hockaday TD, Hockaday JM, Mann JI, Turner RC. Prospective comparison of modified fat-high-carbohydrate with standard low-carbohydrate dietary advice in the treatment of diabetes: one year follow-up study. British Journal of Nutrition 1978;39(2):357-62. - PubMed
-
- Lopez-Espinoza I, Howard WJ, Mann JI, Carter RD, Hockaday TD. Fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids in non-insulin-dependent diabetics randomized for dietary advice. British Journal of Nutrition 1984;52(1):41-7. - PubMed
Rose corn oil 1965 {published data only}
Rose olive 1965 {published data only}
Simon 1997 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Djuric Z, Heilbrun LK, Reading BA, Boomer A, Valeriote FA, Martino S. Effects of a low fat diet on levels of oxidative damage to DNA in human peripheral nucleated blood cells. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1991;83(11):766-9. - PubMed
-
- Djuric Z, Martino S, Heilbrun LK, Hart RW. Dietary modulation of oxidative DNA damage. Advances In Experimental Medicine and Biology 1994;354:71-83. - PubMed
-
- Kasim SE, Martino S, Kim P-N, Khilnani S, Boomer A, Depper J, et al. Dietary and anthropometric determinants of plasma lipoproteins during a long-term low-fat diet in healthy women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;57(2):146-53. - PubMed
-
- Simon MS, Heilbrun LK, Boomer A, Kresge C, Depper J, Kim PN, et al. A randomised trial of a low-fat dietary intervention in women at high risk for breast cancer. Nutrition and Cancer 1997;27(2):136-42. - PubMed
STARS 1992 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Blann AD, Jackson P, Bath PM, Watts GF. Von Willebrand factor, a possible indicator of endothelial cell damage, decreases during long-term compliance with a lipid-lowering diet. Journal of Internal Medicine 1995;237(6):557-61. - PubMed
-
- Watts GF, Brunt JN, Coltart DJ, Lewis B. The St. Thomas Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Atherosclerosis 1992;97:231.
-
- Watts GF, Jackson P, Burke V, Lewis B. Dietary fatty acids and progression of coronary artery disease in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996;64(2):202-9. - PubMed
-
- Watts GF, Jackson P, Mandalia S, Brunt JN, Lewis ES, Coltart DJ, et al. Nutrient intake and progression of coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology 1994;73(5):328-32. - PubMed
-
- Watts GF, Lewis B, Brunt JN, Lewis ES, Coltart DJ, Smith LD, et al. Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St Thomas' Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Lancet 1992;339(8793):563-9. - PubMed
Sydney Diet‐Heart 1978 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Blacket RB, Leelarthaepin B, McGilchrist C, Palmer AJ, Woodhill JM. The synergistic effect of weight loss and changes in dietary lipids on the serum cholesterol of obese men with hypercholesterolaemia: implications for prevention of coronary heart disease. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1979;9(5):521-9. - PubMed
-
- Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Leelarthaepin B, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Faurot KR, Suchindran CM, et al. Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2013;346:e8707. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e8707] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Woodhill JM, Palmer AJ, Leelarthaepin B, McGilchrist C, Blacket RB. Low fat, low cholesterol diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1978;109:317-30. - PubMed
Veterans Admin 1969 {published data only}
-
- Dayton S, Hashimoto S, Dixon W, Pearce ML. Composition of lipids in human serum and adipose tissue during prolonged feeding of a diet high in unsaturated fat. Journal of Lipid Research 1966;7(1):103-11. - PubMed
-
- Dayton S, Hashimoto S, Pearce ML. Adipose tissue linoleic acid as a criterion of adherence to a modified diet. Journal of Lipid Research 1967;8(5):508-10. - PubMed
-
- Dayton S, Hashimoto S, Pearce ML. Influence of a diet high in unsaturated fat upon composition of arterial tissue and atheromata in man. Circulation 1965;32(6):911-24. - PubMed
-
- Dayton S, Hashimoto S, Rosenblum D, Pearce M. Vitamin E status of humans during prolonged feeding of unsaturated fats. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1965;65(5):739-47. - PubMed
-
- Dayton S, Pearce ML, Goldman H, Harnish A, Plotkin D, Shickman M, et al. Controlled trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat for prevention of atherosclerotic complications. Lancet 1968;2(577):1060-2. - PubMed
WHI 2006 {published data only}
-
- Anderson G, Cummings S, Freedman LS, Furberg C, Henderson M, Johnson SR, et al. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. Controlled Clinical Trials 1998;19(1):61-109. - PubMed
-
- Anderson GL, Manson J, Wallace R, Lund B, Hall D, Davis S, et al. Implementation of the Women's Health Initiative study design. Annals of Epidemiology 2003;13(9 Suppl):S5-17. - PubMed
-
- Beresford SA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, Lasser NL, Snetselaar LG, Black HR, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 2006;295(6):643-54. - PubMed
-
- Bowen D, Ehret C, Pedersen M, Snetselaar L, Johnson M, Tinker L, et al. Results of an adjunct dietary intervention program in the Women's Health Initiative. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2002;102(11):1631-7. - PubMed
WINS 2006 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Chlebowski RT, Blackburn GL, Buzzard IM, Rose DP, Martino S, Khandekar JD, et al. Adherence to a dietary fat intake reduction program in postmenopausal women receiving therapy for early breast cancer. The Women's Intervention Nutrition Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1993;11(11):2072-80. - PubMed
-
- Chlebowski RT, Blackburn GL, Thomson CA, Nixon DW, Shapiro A, Hoy MK, et al. Dietary fat reduction and breast cancer outcome: interim efficacy results from the Women's Intervention Nutrition study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2006;98(24):1767-76. - PubMed
-
- Chlebowski RT, Blackburn GL. Final survival analysis from the randomized Womens Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS) evaluating dietary intervention as adjuvant breast cancer therapy. Cancer Research 2015;75(9 Supplement):S5-08.
-
- Chlebowski RT, Rose D, Blackburn G, Buzzard M, Khandekar J, York R, et al. Feasibility of using dietary fat intake reduction in adjuvant breast cancer management. Proceedings of American Society of Clinical Oncology 1991;86:86.
-
- Chlebowski RT, Rose DP, Buzzard IM, Blackburn GL, York M, Insull W Jr, et al. Dietary fat reduction in adjuvant breast cancer therapy: current rationale and feasibility issues. Adjuvant: the Cancer Journal 1990;6:357-63.
References to studies excluded from this review
Agewall 2001 {published data only}
-
- Agewall S. Multiple risk intervention trial in high risk hypertensive men: comparison of ultrasound intima-media thickness and clinical outcome during 6 years of follow-up. Journal of Internal Medicine 2001;249(4):305-14. - PubMed
Ammerman 2003 {published data only}
-
- Ammerman AS, Keyserling TC, Atwood JR, Hosking JD, Zayed H, Krasny C. A randomized controlled trial of a public health nurse directed treatment program for rural patients with high blood cholesterol. Preventive Medicine 2003;36(3):340-51. - PubMed
Anderson 1990 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Anderson JW, Garrity TF, Smith BM, Whitis SE. Follow-up on a clinical trial comparing the effects of two lipid lowering diets. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10(5):882a.
-
- Anderson JW, Garrity TF, Wood CL, Whitis SE, Smith BM, Oeltgen PR. Prospective, randomized, controlled comparison of the effects of low-fat and low-fat plus high-fiber diets on serum lipid concentrations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;56(5):887-94. - PubMed
Aquilani 2000 {published data only}
-
- Aquilani R, Tramarin R, Pedretti RF, Bertolotti G, Sommaruga M, Mariani P, et al. Can a very-low-fat diet achieve cholesterol goals in CAD? Cardiology Review 2000;17(10):36-40.
Arntzenius 1985 {published data only}
-
- Arntzenius AC, Kromhout D, Barth JD, Reiber JH, Bruschke AV, Buis B, et al. Diet, lipoprotiens and progression of coronary atherosclerosis: the Leiden Intervention Trial. New England Journal of Medicine 1985;312(13):805-8. - PubMed
Aro 1990 {published data only}
-
- Aro A, Ahola I, Jauhiainen M, Mutanen M, Valsta LM. Effects of plasma phospholipid fatty acids of rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets [Abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:877a.
ASSIST 2001 {published data only}
Australian Polyp Prev 95 {published and unpublished data}
-
- MacLennan R, Macrae F, Bain C, Battistutta D, Chapuis P, Gratten H, et al. Randomized trial of intake of fat, fiber, and beta carotene to prevent colorectal adenomas. The Australian Polyp Prevention Project. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1995;87(23):1760-6. - PubMed
-
- MacLennan R. Effect of fat, fibre and beta-carotene on colorectal adenomas after 24 months. Gastroenterology 1991;100:A382.
-
- Macrae FA, Hughes NR, Bhathal PS, Tay D, Selbie L, MacLennan R. Dietary suppression of rectal epthelial cell proliferation. Gastroenterology 1991;100:A383.
Azadbakht 2007 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh A, Azizi F. Better dietary adherence and weight maintenance achieved by a long-term moderate fat diet. British Journal of Nutrition 2007;97(2):399-404. - PubMed
Bakx 1997 {published data only}
-
- Bakx JC, Stafleu A, Van Staveren WA, Van den Hoogen HJ, Van Weel C. Long-term effect of nutritional counseling: a study in family medicine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;65(6 Suppl):1946S-50S. - PubMed
Ball 1965 {published data only}
-
- Ball KP, Hanington E, McAllen PM, Pilkington TR, Richards JM, Sharland DE, et al. Low-fat diet in myocardial infarction: a controlled trial. Lancet 1965;2(411):501-4. - PubMed
Barnard 2009 {published data only}
Barndt 1977 {published data only}
-
- Barndt R, Blankenhorn CH, Crawford DW, Brooks SH. Regression and progression of early femoral atherosclerosis in treated hyperlipidaemic patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 1977;86(2):139-46. - PubMed
Baron 1990 {published data only}
Barr 1990 {published data only}
-
- Barr SL, Ramakrishnan R, Holleran S. A 30% fat diet high in polyunsaturates and a 30% fat diet high in monounsaturates both lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in normal males [Abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:872a.
Barsotti 1991 {published data only}
-
- Barsotti A. Modern trends in the therapy of arteriosclerosis in the light of new physiopathological findings [Moderne tendenze della terapia dell'arteriosclerosi alla luce delle nuove acquisizioni fisiopatologiche]. Cardiologia 1991;36(12 Suppl 1):33-48. - PubMed
Baumann 1982 {published data only}
-
- Baumann J, Martschick R. Therapy of hyperlipidemia with xanthinol nicotinate as opposed to low fat diet [Therapie der hyperlipidämie mit xantinolnicotinat gegenüber fettarmer diät]. Die Medizinische Welt 1982;33(4):139-41. - PubMed
BDIT Pilot Studies 1996 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Boyd NF, Cousins M, Beaton M, Fishell E, Wright B, Fish E, et al. Clinical trial of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet in subjects with mammographic dysplasia: report of early outcomes. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1988;80(15):1244-8. - PubMed
-
- Boyd NF, Cousins M, Beaton M, Han L, McGuire V. Methodological issues in clinical trials of dietary fat reduction in patients with breast dysplasia. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1986;222:117-24. - PubMed
-
- Boyd NF, Cousins M, Beaton M, Kriukov V, Lockwood G, Tritchler D. Quantitative changes in dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol in women: results from a randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;52(3):470-6. - PubMed
-
- Boyd NF, Cousins M, Kriukov V. A randomised controlled trial of dietary fat reduction: the retention of subjects and characteristics of drop outs. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1992;45(1):31-8. - PubMed
-
- Boyd NF, Cousins M, Lockwood G, Tritchler D. Dietary fat and breast cancer risk: the feasibility of a clinical trial of breast cancer prevention. Lipids 1992;27(10):821-6. - PubMed
Beckmann 1995 {published data only}
-
- Beckmann SL, Os I, Kjeldsen SE, Eide IK, Westheim AS, Hjermann I. Effect of dietary counselling on blood pressure and arterial plasma catecholamines in primary hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 1995;8(7):704-11. - PubMed
beFIT 1997 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Retzlaff BM, Walden CE, McNeney WB, Buck BL, McCann BS, Knopp RH. Nutritional intake of women and men on the NCEP Step I and Step II diets. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1997;16(1):52-61. - PubMed
-
- Walden CE, Retzlaff BM, Buck BL, McCann BS, Knopp RH. Lipoprotein lipid response to the National Cholesterol Education Program Step II diet by hypercholesterolemic and combined hyperlipidemic women and men. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 1997;17(2):375-82. - PubMed
-
- Walden CE, Retzlaff BM, Buck BL, Wallick S, McCann BS, Knopp RH. Differential effect of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step II Diet on HDL cholesterol, its subfractions, and apoprotein A-1 levels in hypercholesterolemic women and men after 1 year: the beFIT study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2000;20(6):1580-7. - PubMed
Beresford 1992 {published data only}
Bergstrom 1967 {published data only}
-
- Bergstrom G, Svanborg A. Dietary treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1967;181(6):717-21. - PubMed
Bierenbaum 1963 {published data only}
-
- Bierenbaum ML, Fleischman AI, Raichelson RI, Hayton T, Watson P. Ten year experience of modified fat diets on younger men with coronary heart disease. Lancet 1973;1(7817):1404-7. - PubMed
-
- Bierenbaum ML, Green DP, Florin A, Fleischman AI, Caldwell AB. Modified-fat dietary management of the young male with coronary disease. A five-year report. JAMA 1967;202(13):1119-23. - PubMed
-
- Bierenbaum ML, Green DP, Gherman C, Florin A, Caldwell AB. The effects of two low fat dietary patterns on the blood cholesterol levels of young male coronary patients. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1963;16:1073-83. - PubMed
Bloemberg 1991 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Bloemberg BP, Kromhout D, Goddijn HE, Jansen A, Obermann-de Boer GL. The impact for the guidelines for a healthy diet of the Netherlands Nutrition Council on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic free living men. American Journal of Epidemiology 1991;134(1):39-48. - PubMed
Bloomgarden 1987 {published data only}
-
- Bloomgarden ZT, Karmally W, Metzger MJ, Brothers M, Nechemias C, Bookman J, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of diabetic patient education: improved knowledge without improved metabolic status. Diabetes Care 1987;10(3):263-72. - PubMed
Bonk 1975 {published data only}
-
- Bonk S, Hubotter E, Nickel C, Stocksmeier U, Vahey P, Volk I, et al. Myocardial infarct patients with and without intensive nutrition consultation over several years-- comparison of physiological and social variables [Herzinfarktpatienten mit und ohne mehrjährige intensive ernährungsberatung - vergleich von physiologischen und sozialen variablen]. Infusionstherapie und Klinische Ernährung 1975;2(4):290-6. - PubMed
Bonnema 1995 {published data only}
-
- Bonnema SJ, Jespersen LT, Marving J, Gregersen G. Supplementation with olive oil rather than fish oil increases small arterial compliance in diabetic patients. Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 1995;8:81-7.
Bosaeus 1992 {published data only}
-
- Bosaeus I, Belfrage L, Lindgren C, Andersson H. Olive oil instead of butter increases net cholesterol excretion from the small bowel. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;46(2):111-5. - PubMed
Boyd 1988 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Boyd NF, McGuire V, Shannon P, Cousins M, Kriukov V, Mahoney L, et al. Effect of a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet on symptoms of cyclical mastopathy. Lancet 1988;2(8603):128-32. - PubMed
BREACPNT {published data only}
-
- NCT04079270. The breast cancer personalized nutrition study (BREACPNT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04079270 (first posted 5 September 2019).
Brehm 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
Brensike 1982 {published data only}
-
- Brensike JF, Kelsey SF, Passamani ER, Fisher MR, Richardson JM, Loh IK, et al. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute type II Coronary Intervention Study: design, methods, and baseline characteristics. Controlled Clinical Trials 1982;3(2):91-111. - PubMed
BRIDGES 2001 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Hebert JR, Ebbeling CB, Olendzki BC, Hurley TG, Ma Y, Saal N, et al. Change in women's diet and body mass following intensive intervention for early-stage breast cancer. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2001;101(4):421-31. - PubMed
Broekmans 2003 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Broekmans WM, Klöpping-Ketelaars IA, Weststrate JA, Tijburg LB, Van Poppel G, Vink AA, et al. Decreased carotenoid concentrations due to dietary sucrose polyesters do not affect possible markers of disease risk in humans. Journal of Nutrition 2003;133(3):720-6. - PubMed
Brown 1984 {published data only}
-
- Brown GD, Whyte L, Gee MI, Crockford PM, Grace M, Oberle K, et al. Effects of two "lipid-lowering" diets on plasma lipid levels of patients with peripheral vascular disease. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1984;84(5):546-50. - PubMed
Bruce 1994 {published data only}
-
- Bruce SL, Grove SK. The effect of a coronary artery risk evaluation program on serum lipid values and cardiovascular risk levels. Applied Nursing Research 1994;7(2):67-74. - PubMed
Bruno 1983 {published data only}
-
- Bruno R, Arnold C, Jacobson L, Winick M, Wynder E. Randomized controlled trial of a nonpharmacologic cholesterol reduction program at the worksite. Preventive Medicine 1983;12(4):523-32. - PubMed
Butcher 1990 {published data only}
-
- Butcher LA, O'Dea K, Sinclair AJ, Parkin JD, Smith IL, Blombery P. The effects of very low fat diets enriched with fish or kangaroo meat on cold-induced vasoconstriction and platelet function. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 1990;39(3):221-6. - PubMed
Byers 1995 {published data only}
Caggiula 1996 {published data only}
-
- Caggiula AW, Watson JE, Kuller LH, Olson MB, Milas NC, Berry M, et al. Cholesterol-lowering intervention program. Effect of the step I diet in community office practices. Archives of Internal Medicine 1996;156(11):1205-13. - PubMed
Canadian DBCP 1997 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Boyd NF, Greenberg C, Lockwood G, Little L, Martin L, Byng J, et al. Effects at two years of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on radiologic features of the breast: results from a randomized trial. Journal of the Nationl Cancer Institute 1997;89(7):488-96. - PubMed
CARMEN 2000 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Poppitt SD, Keogh GF, Prentice AM, Williams DE, Sonnemans HM, Valk EE, et al. Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;75(1):11-20. - PubMed
-
- Raben A, Astrup A, Vasilaras TH, Prentice AM, Zunft H-JF, Formiguera X, et al. The CARMEN study [CARMEN-studiet]. Ugeskrift für Laeger 2002;164(5):627-31. - PubMed
-
- Saris WH, Astrup A, Prentice AM, Zunft HJ, Formiguera X, Verboeket-van de Venne WP, et al. Randomized controlled trial of changes in dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio and simple vs complex carbohydrates on body weight and blood lipids: the CARMEN study. International Journal of Obesity 2000;24(10):1310-8. - PubMed
-
- Saris WH, Astrup A, Prentice AM, Zunft HJ, Formiguera X. CARMEN Project: European multicentre study on the impact of dietary fat/CHO ratio and simple/complex CHO changes on long term weight control in overweight subjects. International Journal of Obesity 1997;21(Suppl 2):S71.
-
- Vasilaras TH, Astrup A, Raben A. Micronutrient intake in overweight subjects is not deficient on an ad libitum fat-reduced, high-simple carbohydrate diet. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;58(2):326-36. - PubMed
CARMEN substudy 2002 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Poppitt SD, Keogh GF, Prentice AM, Williams DEM, Sonnemans HMW, Valk EEJ, et al. Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;75(1):11-20. - PubMed
Casas‐Agustench 2013 {published data only}
-
- Casas-Agustench P, Molina S, Espinosa-Salinas I, Olivares M, Reglero G, Ordovás JM, et al. SELP variant modulates plasma HDL-C responses in subjects with moderate cardiovascular risk after skimmed milk consumption. FASEB Journal 2013;27(1 suppl):640.21.
-
- Loria-Kohen V, Espinosa-Salinas I, Ramirez de Molina A, Casas-Agustench P, Herranz J, Molina S, et al. A genetic variant of PPARA modulates cardiovascular risk biomarkers after milk consumption. Nutrition 2014;30(10):1144-50. - PubMed
Cerin 1993 {published data only}
-
- Cerin A, Collins A, Landgren BM, Eneroth P. Hormonal and biochemical profiles of premenstrual syndrome. Treatment with essential fatty acids. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1993;72(5):337-43. - PubMed
Chan 1993 {published data only}
-
- Chan JK, McDonald BE, Gerrard JM, Bruce VM, Weaver BJ, Holub BJ. Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid and its ratio to linolenic acid on platelet and plasma fatty acids and thrombogenesis. Lipids 1993;28(9):811-7. - PubMed
Chapman 1950 {published data only}
-
- Chapman CB, Gibbons T, Henschel A. The effect of the rice-fruit diet on the composition of the body. New England Journal of Medicine 1950;243(23):899-905. - PubMed
Charbonnier 1975 {published data only}
-
- Charbonnier A, Nepveux P, Fluteau G, Fluteau D. Immediate effects of ingestion of olive oil on the principal lipid constituents of the plasma. Comparison with other edible fats. Médecine & Chirurgie Digestives 1975;4 Suppl 2:73-9. - PubMed
Cheng 2004 {published data only}
-
- Cheng C, Graziani C, Diamond JJ. Cholesterol-lowering effect of the Food for Heart Nutrition Education Program. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2004;104(12):1868-72. - PubMed
Chiostri 1988 {published data only}
-
- Chiostri JE, Kwiterovich PO. Effect of American Heart Association Phase 2 diet versus eater's choice based diet on hypercholesterolaemia. Circulation 1988;78(4):II-385.
Choudhury 1984 {published data only}
-
- Choudhury S, Jackson P, Katan MB, Marenah CB, Cortese C, Miller NE, et al. A multifactorial diet in the management of hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 1984;50(1):93-103. - PubMed
Clark 1997 {published data only}
-
- Clark M, Ghandour G, Miller NH, Taylor CB, Bandura A, DeBusk RF. Development and evaluation of a computer-based system for dietary management of hyperlipidemia. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1997;97(2):146-50. - PubMed
Clifton 1992 {published data only}
-
- Clifton PM, Wight MB, Nestel PJ. Is fat restriction needed with HMGCoA reductase inhibitor treatment? Atherosclerosis 1992;93(1-2):59-70. - PubMed
Cobb 1991 {published data only}
-
- Cobb MM, Teitelbaum HS, Breslow JL. Lovastatin efficacy in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on high- vs low-fat diets. JAMA 1991;265(8):997-1001. - PubMed
Cohen 1991 {published data only}
-
- Cohen MD, D'Amico FJ, Merenstein JH. Weight reduction in obese hypertensive patients. Family Medicine 1991;23(1):25-8. - PubMed
Cole 1988 {published data only}
-
- Cole TG, Schmeisser D, Prewitt TE. AHA phase 3 diet reduces cholesterol in moderately hypercholesterolemic premenopausal women [Abstract]. Circulation 1988;78(4):II-73.
Colquhoun 1990 {published data only}
-
- Colquhoun DM, Moores D, Somerset SM. Comparison of the effects of an avocado enriched and American Heart Association diets on lipid levels [Abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:875a.
Consolazio 1946 {published data only}
-
- Consolazio FC, Forbes WH. The effects of high fat diet in a temperate environment. Journal of Nutrition 1946;32:195-204. - PubMed
Cox 1996 {published data only}
-
- Cox RH, Gonzales-Vigilar MC, Novascone MA, Silva-Barbeau I. Impact of a cancer intervention on diet-related cardiovascular disease risks of white and African-American EFNEP clients. Journal of Nutrition Education 1996;28:209-18.
Croft 1986 {published data only}
Curzio 1989 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Curzio JL, Kennedy SS, Elliott HL, Farish E, Barnes JF, Howie CA, et al. Hypercholesterolaemia in treated hypertensives: a controlled trial of intensive dietary advice. Journal of Hypertension 1989;7(6 Suppl):S254-5. - PubMed
Dalgard 2001 {published data only}
-
- Dalgard C, Thuroe A, Haastrup B, Haghfelt T, Stender S. Saturated fat intake is reduced in patients with ischemic heart disease 1 year after comprehensive counseling but not after brief counseling. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2001;101(12):1420-9. - PubMed
Da Qing IGT 1997 {published data only}
-
- Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, An ZX, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997;20(4):537-44. - PubMed
DAS 2000 {published data only}
-
- Bovbjerg VE, McCann BS, Brief DJ, Follette WC, Retzlaff BM, Dowdy AA, et al. Spouse support and long-term adherence to lipid-lowering diets. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995;141(5):451-60. - PubMed
-
- Knopp RH, Retzlaff B, Walden C, Fish B, Buck B, McCann B. One-year effects of increasingly fat-restricted, carbohydrate-enriched diets on lipoprotein levels in free-living subjects. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology & Medicine 2000;225(3):191-9. - PubMed
-
- Knopp RH, Walden CE, McCann BS, Retzlaff B, Dowdy A, Gey G, et al. Serial changes in lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic men treated with alternative diets [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1989;9:745A.
-
- Knopp RH, Walden CE, Retzlaff BM, McCann BS, Dowdy AA, Albers JJ, et al. Long-term cholesterol-lowering effects of 4 fat-restricted diets in hypercholesterolaemic and combined hyperlipidaemic men: the Dietary Alternatives Study. JAMA 1997;278(18):1509-15. - PubMed
-
- Walden CE, McCann BS, Retzlaff B, Dowdy A, Hanson M, Fish B, et al. Alternative fat-restricted diets for hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia: feasibility, design, subject recruitment, and baseline characteristics of the Dietary Alternatives study. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1991;10(5):429-42. - PubMed
DASH 1997 {published data only}
-
- Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, et al, DASH Collaborative Research Group. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;336(16):1117-24. - PubMed
-
- Blackburn GL. Functional foods in the prevention and treatment of disease: significance of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;66(5):1067-71. - PubMed
Davey Smith 2005 {published data only}
-
- Davey Smith G, Bracha Y, Svendsen KH, Neaton JD, Haffner SM, Kuller LH, et al. Incidence of type 2 diabetes in the randomized multiple risk factor intervention trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2005;142(5):313-22. - PubMed
De Boer 1983 {published data only}
-
- De Boer AC, Turek JV, Pannebakker MA, Den Ottolander GJ. The effect of diets high in polyunsaturated and high in saturated fatty acids on blood lipids and platelet tests in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) [abstract]. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1983;50:96.
De Bont 1981 {published and unpublished data}
-
- De Bont AJ, Baker IA, St Leger AS, Sweetnam PM, Wragg KG, Stephens SM, et al. A randomised controlled trial of the effect of low fat diet advice on dietary response in insulin independent diabetic women. Diabetologia 1981;21(6):529-33. - PubMed
DeBusk 1994 {published data only}
-
- DeBusk RF, Miller NH, Superko HR, Dennis CA, Thomas RJ, Lew HT, et al. A case-management system for coronary risk factor modification after acute myocardial infarction [see comments]. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994;120(9):721-9. - PubMed
DEER 1998 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Stefanick ML, Mackey S, Sheehan RD, Ellsworth N, Haskell WL, Wood PD. Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. New England Journal of Medicine 1998;339(1):12-20. - PubMed
Delahanty 2001 {published data only}
-
- Delahanty LM, Hayden D, Ammerman A, Nathan DM. Medical nutrition therapy for hypercholesterolemia positively affects patient satisfaction and quality of life outcomes. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2002;24(4):269-78. - PubMed
-
- Delahanty LM, Sonnenberg LM, Hayden D, Nathan DM. Clinical and cost outcomes of medical nutrition therapy for hypercholesterolemia: a controlled trial. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2001;101(9):1012-23. - PubMed
Delius 1969 {published data only}
-
- Delius L. Treatment of hypotensive circulatory disorder [Die behandlung der hypotonen kreislaufregulationsstörung]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1969;94(42):2172-3. - PubMed
Demark 1990 {published data only}
-
- Demark WW, Bowering J, Cohen PS. Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1990;90(2):223-9. - PubMed
Dengel 1995 {published data only}
-
- Dengel JL, Katzel LI, Goldberg AP. Effect of an American Heart Association diet, with or without weight loss, on lipids in obese middle-aged and older men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;62(4):715-21. - PubMed
Denke 1994 {published data only}
-
- Denke MA, Grundy SM. Individual responses to a cholesterol lowering diet in 50 men with moderate hypercholesterolaemia. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994;154(3):17-25. - PubMed
Diabetes CCT 1995 {published data only}
-
- The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;75(14):894-903. - PubMed
Diet & Hormone Study 2003 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Gann PH, Chatterton RT, Gapstur SM, Liu K, Garside D, Giovanazzi S, et al. The effects of a low-fat/high-fiber diet on sex hormone levels and menstrual cycling in premenopausal women: a 12-month randomized trial (the Diet and Hormone Study). Cancer 2003;98(9):1870-9. - PubMed
DIET 1998 {published data only}
-
- Dornelas EA, Wylie-Rosett J, Swencionis C. The DIET study: long term outcomes of a cognitive-behavioural weight control intervention in independent-living elders. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1998;98(11):1276-81. - PubMed
Ding 1992 {published data only}
-
- Ding Q. Clinical study of qianxining in the treatment of 60 cases of yang hyperactivity due to yin deficiency type of hypertension. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1992;12(7):409-11, 388-9. - PubMed
DIPI 2018 {published data only}
-
- Arentoft JL, Hoppe C, Andersen EW, Overvad K, Tetens I. Associations between adherence to the Danish Food-Based Dietary Guidelines and cardiometabolic risk factors in a Danish adult population: the DIPI study. British Journal of Nutrition 2018;119(6):664-73. - PubMed
DIRECT 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Ben-Avraham S, Harman-Boehm I, Schwarzfuchs D, Shai I. Dietary strategies for patients with type 2 diabetes in the era of multi-approaches; review and results from the Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT). Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2009;86(Suppl 1):S41-8. - PubMed
-
- Resch KL. Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) group: weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. Forschende Komplementarmedizin (2006) 2008;15(6):351-2. - PubMed
-
- Shai I, Gepner Y, Shelef I, Schwarzfuchs D, Zelicha H, Tene L, et al. Precision nutrition. Obesity Facts 2019;12:1.
-
- Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;359(3):229-41. - PubMed
-
- Shai I, Spence JD, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Parraga G, Rudich A, et al. Dietary intervention to reverse carotid atherosclerosis. Circulation 2010;121(10):1200-8. - PubMed
Dobs 1991 {published data only}
-
- Dobs AS, Sarma PS, Wilder L. Lipid-lowering diets in patients taking pravastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor: compliance and adequacy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;54(4):696-700. - PubMed
DO IT 2006 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Berstad P, Seljeflot I, Veierod MB, Hjerkinn EM, Arnesen H, Pedersen JI, et al. Supplementation with fish oil affects the association between very long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum non-esterified fatty acids and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Clinical Science 2003;105(1):13-20. - PubMed
-
- Ellingsen I, Hjerkinn EM, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Tonstad S, Ellingsen I, et al. Consumption of fruit and berries is inversely associated with carotid atherosclerosis in elderly men. British Journal of Nutrition 2008;99(3):674-81 Erratum in: British Journal of Nutrition 2008; 99(3): 697. - PubMed
-
- Ellingsen I, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Tonstad S, Ellingsen Ingrid, Seljeflot Ingebjorg, et al. Vitamin C consumption is associated with less progression in carotid intima media thickness in elderly men: a 3-year intervention study. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 2009;19(1):8-14. - PubMed
-
- Furenes EB, Seljeflot I, Solheim S, Hjerkinn EM, Arnesen H. Long-term influence of diet and/or omega-3 fatty acids on matrix metalloproteinase-9 and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in men at high risk of coronary heart disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation 2008;68(3):177-84. - PubMed
-
- Hjerkinn EM, Abdelnoor M, Breivik L, Bergengen L, Ellingsen I, Seljeflot I, et al. Effect of diet or very long chain omega-3 fatty acids on progression of atherosclerosis, evaluated by carotid plaques, intima-media thickness and by pulse wave propagation in elderly men with hypercholesterolaemia. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 2006;13(3):325-33. - PubMed
Due 2008 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Bladbjerg EM, Larsen TM, Due A, Jespersen J, Stender S, Astrup A. Postprandial coagulation activation in overweight individuals after weight loss: acute and long-term effects of a high-monounsaturated fat diet and a low-fat diet. Thrombosis Research 2014;133(3):327-33. - PubMed
-
- Due A, Larsen TM, Hermansen K, Stender S, Holst JJ, Toubro S, et al. Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87(4):855-62. - PubMed
-
- Due A, Larsen TM, Mu H, Hermansen K, Stender S, Astrup A. Comparison of 3 ad libitum diets for weight-loss maintenance, risk of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a 6-mo randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;88(5):1232-41. - PubMed
-
- Rasmussen LG, Larsen TM, Mortensen PK, Due A, Astrup A. Effect on 24-h energy expenditure of a moderate-fat diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids compared with that of a low-fat, carbohydrate-rich diet: a 6-mo controlled dietary intervention trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85(4):1014-22. - PubMed
-
- Sloth B, Due A, Larsen TM, Holst JJ, Heding A, Astrup A, et al. The effect of a high-MUFA, low-glycaemic index diet and a low-fat diet on appetite and glucose metabolism during a 6-month weight maintenance period. British Journal of Nutrition 2009;101(12):1846-58. - PubMed
Duffield 1982 {published data only}
-
- Duffield RG, Lewis B, Miller NE, Jamieson CW, Brunt JN, Colchester AC. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia retards progression of symptomatic femoral atherosclerosis. A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1983;2(8351):639-42. - PubMed
-
- Duffield RG, Miller NE, Jamieson CW, Lewis B. A controlled trial of plasma lipid reduction in peripheral atherosclerosis - an interim report. British Journal of Surgery 1982;69(Suppl):S3-S5. - PubMed
Dullaart 1992 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Dullaart RP, Beusekamp BJ, Meijer S, Hoogenberg K, Van Doormaal JJ, Sluiter WJ. Long-term effects of linoleic-acid-enriched diet on albuminuria and lipid levels in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with elevated urinary albumin excretion. Diabetologia 1992;35(2):165-72. - PubMed
Eating Patterns 1997 {published and unpublished data}
Ehnholm 1982 {published data only}
-
- Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK, Pietinen P, Leino U, Mutanen M, Kostiainen E, et al. Effect of diet on serum lipoproteins in a population with a high risk of coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;307(14):850-5. - PubMed
Ehnholm 1984 {published data only}
-
- Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK, Pietinen P, Leino U, Mutanen M, Kostiainen E, et al. Effect of a diet low in saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and HDL subfractions. Arteriosclerosis 1984;4(3):265-9. - PubMed
Eisenberg 1990 {published data only}
-
- Eisenberg S. The effect of dietary substitution of monounsaturated fatty acids with carbohydrates on lipoprotein levels, structure, and function in a free-living population [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:872A.
Elder 2000 {published data only}
-
- Elder JP, Candelaria JI, Woodruff SI, Criqui MH, Talavera GA, Rupp JW. Results of language for health: cardiovascular disease nutrition education for Latino English-as-a-second-language students. Health Education & Behavior 2000;27(1):50-63. - PubMed
Ellegard 1991 {published data only}
-
- Ellegard L, Bosaeus I. Sterol and nutrient excretion in ileostomists on prudent diets. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991;45(9):451-7. - PubMed
Esposito 2003 {published data only}
-
- Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Masella M, Marfella R, et al. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289(14):1799-804. - PubMed
Esposito 2004 {published data only}
-
- Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Giugliano F, Giugliano G, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 2004;292(12):1440-6. - PubMed
EUROACTION 2008 {published data only}
-
- Wood DA, Kotseva K, Connolly S, Jennings C, Mead A, Jones J, et al. Nurse-coordinated multidisciplinary, family-based cardiovascular disease prevention programme (EUROACTION) for patients with coronary heart disease and asymptomatic individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a paired, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371(9629):1999-2012. - PubMed
FARIS 1997 {published data only}
-
- Goble A, Jackson B, Phillips P, Race E, Oliver RG, Worcester MC. The Family Atherosclerosis Risk Intervention Study (FARIS): risk factor profiles of patients and their relatives following an acute cardiac event. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1997;27(5):568-77. - PubMed
Fasting HGS 1997 {published data only}
-
- Dyson PA, Hammersley MS, Morris RJ, Holman RR, Turner RC. The Fasting Hyperglycaemia Study: II. Randomized controlled trial of reinforced healthy-living advice in subjects with increased but not diabetic fasting plasma glucose. Metabolism 1997;46(12 Suppl 1):50-5. - PubMed
Ferrara 2000 {published data only}
-
- Ferrara LA, Raimondi AS, D'Episcopo L, Guida L, Dello Russo A, Marotta T. Olive oil and reduced need for antihypertensive medications. Archives of Internal Medicine 2000;160(6):837-42. - PubMed
Fielding 1995 {published data only}
Finnish Diabet Prev 2000 {published data only}
-
- Uusitupa M, Louheranta A, Lindstrom J, Valle T, Sundvall J, Eriksson J, et al. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. British Journal of Nutrition 2000;83(Suppl 1):S137-42. - PubMed
Finnish Mental Hosp 1972 {published data only}
-
- Miettinen M, Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Elosuo R, Paavilainen E. Effect of cholesterol-lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart-disease and other causes: a twelve-year clinical trial in men and women. Lancet 1972;2(782):835-8. - PubMed
-
- Miettinen M, Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M, Paavilainen E, Elosuo R. Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease in women: the Finnish Mental Hospital study. International Journal of Epidemiology 1983;12(1):17-25. - PubMed
-
- Turpeinen O, Miettinen M, Karvonen M, Roine P, Pekkarinen M, Lehtosuo EJ, et al. Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: long-term experiment. I. Observations on male subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1968;21(4):255-76. - PubMed
Fisher 1981 {published data only}
-
- Fisher EA, Breslow JL, Zannis VI, Shen G, Blum CB. Dietary saturated fat, not cholesterol, affects plasma lipids and Apo E. Arteriosclerosis 1981;1(5):364a.
FIT Heart 2011 {published data only}
Fleming 2002 {published data only}
-
- Fleming RM. The effect of high-, moderate-, and low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Preventive Cardiology 2002;5(3):110-5. - PubMed
Fortmann 1988 {published data only}
-
- Fortmann SP, Haskell WL, Wood PD. Effects of weight loss on clinic and ambulatory blood pressure in normotensive men. American Journal of Cardiology 1988;62(1):89-93. - PubMed
Foster 2003 {published data only}
-
- Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 2003;348(21):2082-90. - PubMed
Frenkiel 1986 {published data only}
-
- Frenkiel PG, Lee DW, Cohen H, Gilmore CJ, Resser K, Bonorris GG, et al. The effect of diet on bile acid kinetics and biliary lipid secretion in gallstone patients treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;43(2):239-50. - PubMed
FRESH START 2007 {published data only}
-
- Denmark-Wahnefried W, Clipp EC, Lipkus IM, Lobach D, Snyder DC, Sloane R, et al. Main outcomes of the FRESH START trial: a sequentially tailored, diet and exercise mailed print intervention among breast and prostate cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007;25(19):2709-18. - PubMed
Gambera 1995 {published data only}
-
- Gambera PJ, Schneeman BO, Davis PA. Use of the Food Guide Pyramid and US Dietary Guidelines to improve dietary intake and reduce cardiovascular risk in active-duty Air Force members. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1995;95(11):1268-73. - PubMed
Gaullier 2007 {published data only}
-
- Gaullier J-M, Halse J, Hoivik HO, Hoye K, Syvertsen C, Nurminiemi M, et al. Six months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid induces regional-specific fat mass decreases in overweight and obese. British Journal of Nutrition 2007;97:550-60. - PubMed
Ginsberg 1988 {published data only}
-
- Ginsberg H. Both a high monounsaturated fat diet and the step 1 AHA diet significantly reduce plasma cholesterol levels in healthy males [abstract]. Circulation 1988;78:II73.
Gjone 1972 {published data only}
-
- Gjone E, Nordoy A, Blomhoff JP, Wiencke I. The effects of unsaturated and saturated dietary fats on plasma cholesterol, phospholipids and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1972;191(6):481-4. - PubMed
Glatzel 1966 {published data only}
-
- Glatzel H. The relationship between postprandial triglyceridemia and the fat content of the basic diet [Die Abhängigkeit der postcenalen triglyceridamie vom fettgehalt der grundkost]. Klinische Wochenschrift 1966;44(5):283-4. - PubMed
Goodpaster 1999 {published data only}
-
- Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE, Wing RR, Meier A, Thaete FL. Effects of weight loss on regional fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes 1999;48(4):839-47. - PubMed
Grundy 1986 {published data only}
-
- Grundy SM, Nix D, Whelan MF, Franklin L. Comparison of three cholesterol-lowering diets in normolipidaemic men. JAMA 1986;256(17):2351-5. - PubMed
Hardcastle 2008 {published data only}
-
- Hardcastle S, Taylor A, Bailey M, Castle R. A randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness of a primary health care based counselling intervention on physical activity, diet and CHD risk factors. Patient Education & Counseling 2008;70(1):31-9. - PubMed
Harris 1990 {published data only}
-
- Harris WS, Feldman EB. Intensive dietary intervention in hypercholesterolemic patients. Observed versus predicted changes in cholesterol levels [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:853A.
Hartman 1993 {published data only}
-
- Hartman T, McCarthy P, Himes J. Use of eating pattern messages to evaluate changes in eating behaviors in a worksite cholesterol education program. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1993;93(10):1119-23. - PubMed
Hartwell 1986 {published data only}
-
- Hartwell SL, Kaplan RM, Wallace JP. Comparison of behavioral interventions for control of type II diabetes mellitus. Behavior Therapy 1986;17:447-61.
Hashim 1960 {published data only}
-
- Hashim SA, Arteaga A, Van Itallie TB. Effect of saturated medium-chain triglyceride on serum-lipids in man. Lancet 1960;1(7134):1105-7. - PubMed
Haufe 2011 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Haufe S, Engeli S, Kast P, Böhnke J, Utz W, Haas V, et al. Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects. Hepatology 2011;53(5):1504-14. - PubMed
-
- Haufe S, Utz W, Engeli S, Kast P, Böhnke J, Pofahl M, et al. Left ventricular mass and function with reduced-fat or reduced-carbohydrate hypocaloric diets in overweight and obese subjects. Hypertension 2012;59(1):70-5. - PubMed
Haynes 1984 {published data only}
-
- Haynes RB, Harper AC, Costley SR, Johnston M, Logan AG, Flanagan PT, et al. Failure of weight reduction to reduce mildly elevated blood pressure: a randomized trial. Journal of Hypertension 1984;2(5):535-9. - PubMed
Heber 1991 {published data only}
-
- Heber D, Ashley JM, Leaf DA, Barnard JA. Reduction of serum estradiol in postmenopausal women given free access to low-fat high carbohydrate diet. Nutrition 1991;7(2):137-41. - PubMed
Heine 1989 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Heine RJ, Mulder C, Popp-Snijders C, Van der Meer J, Van der Veen EA. Linoleic-acid-enriched diet: long-term effects on serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentration and insulin sensitivity in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;49(3):448-56. - PubMed
Hellenius 1995 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Hellenius ML, Brismar KE, Berglund BH, De Faire U. Effects on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, insulin-like growth factor 1 and its binding protein, IGFBP-1, in a randomized controlled diet and exercise study in healthy, middle-aged men. Journal of Internal Medicine 1995;238(2):121-30. - PubMed
-
- Hellenius ML, Dahlof C, Aberg H, Krakau I, De Faire U. Quality of life is not negatively affected by diet and exercise intervention in healthy men with cardiovascular risk factors. Quality of Life Research 1995;4(1):13-20. - PubMed
-
- Hellenius ML, De Faire U, Berglund B, Hamsten A, Krakau I. Diet and exercise are equally effective in reducing risk for cardiovascular disease. Results of a randomized controlled study in men with slightly to moderately raised cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis 1993;103(1):81-91. - PubMed
-
- Hellenius ML, Krakau I, De Faire U. Favourable long-term effects from advice on diet and exercise given to healthy men with raised cardiovascular risks. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 1997;7:293-300.
-
- Hellenius, ML. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Studies on the Role of Diet and Exercise in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease among Middle-Aged Men [PhD thesis]. Huddinge, Sweden: Karolinska Intitute, 1995.
Heller 1993 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Heller RF, Knapp JC, Valenti LA, Dobson AJ. Secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 1993;72(11):759-62. - PubMed
-
- Heller RF, Walker RJ, Boyle CA, O'Connell DL, Rusakaniko S, Dobson AJ. A randomised controlled trial of a dietary advice program for relatives of heart attack victims. Medical Journal of Australia 1994;161(9):529-31. - PubMed
Hildreth 1951 {published data only}
-
- Hildreth EA, Mellinkoff SM, Blair GW, Hildreth DM. The effect of vegetable fat ingestion on human serum cholesterol concentration. Circulation 1951;3(5):641-6. - PubMed
Holm 1990 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Holm LE, Nordevang E, Ikkala E, Hallstrom L, Callmer E. Dietary intervention as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients - a feasibility study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 1990;16(2):103-9. - PubMed
-
- Nordevang E, Callmer E, Marmur A, Holm LE. Dietary intervention in breast cancer patients: effects on food choice. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;46(6):387-96. - PubMed
-
- Nordevang E, Ikkala E, Callmer E, Hallstrom L, Holm LE. Dietary intervention in breast cancer patients: effects on dietary habits and nutrient intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;44(9):681-7. - PubMed
Horlick 1957 {published data only}
-
- Horlick L, Craig BM. Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids on the serum-lipids of man. Lancet 1957;2:566-9. - PubMed
Horlick 1960 {published data only}
-
- Horlick L, O'Neil JB. Effect of modified egg-yolk fats on blood-cholesterol levels [letter]. Lancet 1960;1:438. - PubMed
Howard 1977 {published data only}
-
- Howard AN, Marks J. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of milk [letter]. Lancet 1977;2(8031):255-6. - PubMed
Hunninghake 1990 {published data only}
-
- Hunninghake DB, Laskarzewski PM. Gender difference in the response to lovastatin administration with and without a cholesterol lowering diet [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:786A.
Hutchison 1983 {published data only}
-
- Hutchison K, Oberle K, Crockford P, Grace M, Whyte L, Gee M, et al. Effects of dietary manipulation on vascular status of patients with peripheral vascular disease. JAMA 1983;249(24):3326-30. - PubMed
Hyman 1998 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Hyman DJ, Ho KS, Dunn K, Simons-Morton D. Dietary intervention for cholesterol reduction in public clinic patients. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1998;15(2):139-45. - PubMed
Iacono 1981 {published data only}
-
- Iacono JM, Judd JT, Marshall MW, Canary JJ, Dougherty RM, Mackin JF, et al. The role of dietary essential fatty acids and prostaglandins in reducing blood pressure. Progress in Lipid Research 1981;20:349-64. - PubMed
IMPACT 1995 {published data only}
-
- Fielding JE, Mason T, Kinght K, Klesges R, Pelletier KR. A randomized trial of the IMPACT worksite cholesterol reduction program. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1995;11(2):120-3. - PubMed
Iso 1991 {published data only}
-
- Iso H, Konishi M, Terao A, Kiyama M, Tanigaki M, Baba M, et al. A community-based education program for serum cholesterol reduction in urban hypercholesterolemic persons: comparison of intensive and usual education groups. Nippon.Koshu.Eisei.Zasshi [Japanese Journal of Public Health] 1991;38(9):751-61. - PubMed
Ives 1993 {published data only}
-
- Ives DG, Kuller LH, Traven ND. Use and outcomes of a cholesterol-lowering intervention for rural elderly subjects. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1993;9(5):274-81. - PubMed
Jalkanen 1991 {published data only}
-
- Jalkanen L. The effect of a weight reduction program on cardiovascular risk factors among overweight hypertensives in primary health care. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 1991;19(1):66-71. - PubMed
Jerusalem Nut 1992 {published data only}
-
- Berry EM, Eisenberg S, Friedlander Y, Harats D, Kaufmann NA, Norman Y, et al. Effects of diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins: the Jerusalem Nutrition Study. II. Monounsaturated fatty acids vs carbohydrates. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;56(2):394-403. - PubMed
Jula 1990 {published data only}
-
- Jula A, Ronnemaa T, Rastas M, Karvetti RL, Maki J. Long-term nonpharmacological treatment for mild to moderate hypertension. Journal of Internal Medicine 1990;227(6):413-21. - PubMed
Junker 2001 {published data only}
-
- Junker R, Pieke B, Schulte H, Nofer R, Neufeld M, Assmann G, et al. Changes in hemostasis during treatment of hypertriglyceridemia with a diet rich in monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in comparison with a low-fat diet. Thrombosis Research 2001;101(5):355-66. - PubMed
Karmally 1990 {published data only}
-
- Karmally W, Carpentiri C, Viscardi T, Cheverez V, Holleran S, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Replacing monounsaturated by polyunsaturated fatty acids within an AHA step I diet does not affect the plasma levels or metabolism of low density and high density lipoproteins in normal men [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:877A.
Karvetti 1992 {published data only}
-
- Karvetti RL, Hakala P. A seven-year follow-up of a weight reduction programme in Finnish primary health care. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;46(10):743-52. - PubMed
Kastarinen 2002 {published data only}
-
- Kastarinen MJ, Puska PM, Korhonen MH, Mustonen JN, Salomaa VV, Sundvall JE, et al. Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension in primary health care: a 2-year open randomized controlled trial of lifestyle intervention against hypertension in eastern Finland. Journal of Hypertension 2002;20(12):01. - PubMed
Kather 1985 {published data only}
-
- Kather H, Wildenberg U, Wieland E. Influence of different dietary conditions in ideal-weight subjects on serum levels of free fatty acids and of glycerol in vivo and on lipid mobilization in vitro [abstract]. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1985;15(Suppl 1):A.
Katzel 1995 {published data only}
-
- Katzel LI, Bleecker ER, Colman EG, Rogus EM, Sorkin JD, Goldberg AP. Effects of weight loss vs aerobic exercise training on risk factors for coronary disease in healthy, obese, middle-aged and older men. A randomized controlled trial [see comments]. JAMA 1995;274(24):1915-21. - PubMed
Kawamura 1993 {published data only}
-
- Kawamura M, Akasaka T, Kasatsuki T, Nakajima J, Onodera S, Fujiwara T, et al. Blood pressure is reduced by short-time calorie restriction in overweight hypertensive women with a constant intake of sodium and potassium. Journal of Hypertension 1993;11(Suppl 5):S320-1. - PubMed
Keidar 1988 {published data only}
-
- Keidar S, Krul ES, Goldberg AC, Bateman J, Schonfield G. Fat-free diet modulates epitope expression of LDL-apo [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1988;8:565A. - PubMed
Kempner 1948 {published data only}
-
- Kempner W. Treatment of hypertensive vascular disease with rice diet. American Journal of Medicine 1948;4(4):545-77. - PubMed
Keys 1957a {published data only}
-
- Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Serum-cholesterol response to dietary fat [letter]. Lancet 1957;1:787.
Keys 1957b {published data only}
-
- Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Essential fatty acids, degree of unsaturation, and effect of corn (maize) oil on the serum-cholesterol level in man. Lancet 1957;1(6959):66-8. - PubMed
Keys 1957c {published data only}
-
- Keys A. Prediction of serum-cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet. Lancet 1957;2:959-66. - PubMed
Khan 2003 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Khan F, Elherik K, Bolton-Smith C, Barr R, Hill A, Murrie I, et al. The effects of dietary fatty acid supplementation on endothelial function and vascular tone in healthy subjects. Cardiovascular Research 2003;59(4):955-62. - PubMed
King 2000 {published data only}
-
- King S, David S, Newton H, Hevey D, Rafferty F, Horgan JH. The effect of dietary modification on the training outcome and body composition in patients undergoing undergoing a cardiac rehabilitation programme. Coronary Health Care 2000;4(2):76-81.
Kingsbury 1961 {published data only}
-
- Kingsbury KJ, Morgan DM, Aylott C, Emmerson R. Effects of ethyl arachidonate, cod-liver oil, and corn oil on the plasma-cholesterol level: a comparison in normal volunteers. Lancet 1961;1(7180):739-41. - PubMed
KNOTA {published data only}
-
- Andersson J, Mellberg C, Otten J, Ryberg M, Rinnstrom D, Larsson C, et al. Left ventricular remodelling changes without concomitant loss of myocardial fat after long-term dietary intervention. International Journal of Cardiology 2016;216:92‐6. - PubMed
-
- Blomquist C, Chorell E, Ryberg M, Mellberg C, Larsson C, Lindahl B, et al. Beneficial effects on fatty acid composition and indices of fatty acid desaturase activity with a paleolithic-type diet during a two-year intervention in obese postmenopausal women. Endocrine Reviews 2016;37(2 Suppl 1):SUN 575.
-
- Franklin KA, Eriksson M, Larsson C, Lindahl B, Mellberg C, Sahlin C, et al. Palaeolithic diet and obstructive sleep apnoea in overweight females: a randomised controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal 2016;48:PA2376.
Koopman 1990 {published data only}
-
- Koopman H, Spreeuwenberg C, Westerman RF, Donker AJ. Dietary treatment of patients with mild to moderate hypertension in a general practice: a pilot intervention study (2). Beyond three months. Journal of Human Hypertension 1990;4(4):372-4. - PubMed
Koranyi 1963 {published data only}
-
- Koranyi A. Prophylaxis and treatment of the coronary syndrome. Therapia Hungarica 1963;11:17-20. - PubMed
Korhonen 2003 {published data only}
-
- Korhonen M, Kastarinen M, Uusitupa M, Puska P, Nissinen A. The effect of intensified diet counselling on the diet of hypertensive subjects in primary health care: a 2-year open randomized controlled trial of lifestyle intervention against hypertension in eastern Finland. Preventive Medicine 2003;36(1):8-16. - PubMed
Kriketos 2001 {published data only}
-
- Kriketos AD, Robertson RM, Sharp TA, Drougas H, Reed GW, Storlien LH, et al. Role of weight loss and polyunsaturated fatty acids in improving metabolic fitness in moderately obese, moderately hypertensive subjects. Journal of Hypertension 2001;19(10):1745-54. - PubMed
Kris 1994 {published data only}
-
- Kris EP, Mustad VA. Chocolate feeding studies: a novel approach for evaluating the plasma lipid effects of stearic acid. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;60(6 Suppl):1029S-36S. - PubMed
Kristal 1997 {published data only}
-
- Kristal AR, Shattuck AL, Bowen DJ, Sponzo RW, Nixon DW. Feasibility of using volunteer research staff to deliver and evaluate a low-fat dietary intervention: the American Cancer Society Breast Cancer Dietary Intervention Project. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 1997;6(6):459-67. - PubMed
Kromhout 1987 {published data only}
-
- Kromhout D, Arntzenius AC, Kempen-Voogd N, Kempen HJ, Barth JD, Van der Voort HA, et al. Long-term effects of linoleic-acid enriched diet, changes in body weight and alcohol consumption on serum total and HDL-cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 1987;66(1-2):99-105. - PubMed
Kummel 2008 {published data only}
-
- Kummel MV. Effects of an intervention on health behaviors of older coronary artery bypass (CAB) patients. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2008;2(2):227-44. - PubMed
Laitinen 1993 {published data only}
-
- Laitinen JH, Ahola IE, Sarkkinen ES, Winberg RL, Harmaakorpi IP, Uusitupa MI. Impact of intensified dietary therapy on energy and nutrient intakes and fatty acid composition of serum lipids in patients with recently diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1993;93(3):276-83. - PubMed
Laitinen 1994 {published data only}
-
- Laitinen J, Uusitupa M, Ahola I, Siitonen O. Metabolic and dietary determinants of serum lipids in obese patients with recently diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Annals of Medicine 1994;26(2):119-24. - PubMed
Lean 1997 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Han TS, Richmond P, Avenell A, Lean ME. Waist circumference reduction and cardiovascular benefits during weight loss in women. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 1997;21(2):127-34. - PubMed
-
- Lean ME, Han TS, Prvan T, Richmond PR, Avenell A. Weight loss with high and low carbohydrate 1200 kcal diets in free living women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;51(4):243-8. - PubMed
Leduc 1994 {published data only}
-
- Leduc CP, Cherniak D, Faucher J. Effectiveness of a group dietary intervention on hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised controlled clinical trial [poster abstract]. Atherosclerosis 1994;19:149.
Lewis 1958 {published data only}
-
- Lewis B. Effect of certain dietary oils on bile-acid secretion and serum-cholesterol. Lancet 1958;1(7030):1090-2. - PubMed
Lewis 1981 {published data only}
-
- Lewis B, Hammett F, Katan M, Kay RM, Merkx I, Nobels A, et al. Towards an improved lipid-lowering diet: additive effects of changes in nutrient intake. Lancet 1981;2(8259):1310-3. - PubMed
Lewis 1985 {published data only}
-
- Lewis B. Randomised controlled trial of the treatment of hyperlipidaemia on progression of atherosclerosis. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1985;701(Suppl):53-7. - PubMed
Lichtenstein 2002 {published data only}
-
- Lichtenstein AH, Ausman LM, Jalbert SM, Vilella-Bach M, Jauhiainen M, McGladdery S, et al. Efficacy of a therapeutic lifestyle change/step 2 diet in moderately hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly female and male subjects. Journal of Lipid Research 2002;43(2):264-73. - PubMed
Lim 2010 {published data only}
-
- Lim SS, Noakes M, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2010;20(8):599-607. - PubMed
Linko 1957 {published data only}
-
- Linko E. Vegetable oils and serum cholesterol: short-term experiments with rapeseed and sunflower oils. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1957;159(6):475-88. - PubMed
Lipid Res Clinic 1984 {published data only}
-
- Gordon DJ, Salz KM, Roggenkamp KJ. Dietary determinants of plasma cholesterol change in the recruitment phase of the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Arteriosclerosis 1982;2(6):537-48. - PubMed
-
- Lipid Research Clinics. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984;251(3):351-64. - PubMed
-
- Lipid Research Clinics. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 1984;251(3):365-74. - PubMed
Little 1990 {published data only}
-
- Little P, Girling G, Hasler A, Craven A, Trafford A. The effect of a combination low sodium, low fat, high fibre diet on serum lipids in treated hypertensive patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;44(4):293-300. - PubMed
Little 2004 {published data only}
Lottenberg 1996 {published data only}
-
- Lottenberg AM, Nunes VS, Lottenberg SA, Shimabukuro AF, Carrilho AJ, Malagutti S, et al. Plasma cholesteryl ester synthesis, cholesteryl ester transfer protein concentration and activity in hypercholesterolemic women: effects of the degree of saturation of dietary fatty acids in the fasting and postprandial states. Atherosclerosis 1996;126(2):265-75. - PubMed
Luszczynska 2007 {published data only}
-
- Luszczynska A, Scholz U, Sutton S. Planning to change diet: a controlled trial of an implementation intentions training intervention to reduce saturated fat intake among patients after myocardial infarction. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2007;63(5):491-7. - PubMed
Lyon Diet Heart 1994 {published data only}
-
- De Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994;343(8911):1454-9. - PubMed
-
- De Lorgeril M, Salen P, Caillat-Vallet E, Hanauer M-T, Barthelemy JC, Mamelle N. Control of bias in dietary trial to prevent coronary recurrences: the Lyon Diet Heart study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;51(2):116-22. - PubMed
-
- De Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin J-L, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart study. Circulation 1999;99(6):779-85. - PubMed
-
- De Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Mamelle N, Monjaud I, Touboul P, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean type of diet on the rate of cardiovascular complications in patients with coronary artery disease. insights into the cardioprotective effect of certain nutriments. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1996;28(5):1103-8. - PubMed
-
- De Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Boucher P, Mamelle N. Mediterranean dietary pattern in a randomised trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 1998;158(11):1181-7. - PubMed
Lysikova 2003 {published data only}
-
- Lysikova SL, Pogozheva AV, Akol'zina SE, Vasil'ev AV, Vorob'eva LS. The study of the clinical potency of antiatherogenic diet containing flavonoids in cardiovascular patients. Voprosy Pitaniia 2003;72(3):8-11. - PubMed
Macdonald 1972 {published data only}
-
- Macdonald I. Relationship between dietary carbohydrates and fats in their influence on serum lipid concentrations. Clinical Science 1972;43(2):265-74. - PubMed
Mansel 1990 {published data only}
-
- Mansel RE, Harrison BJ, Melhuish J, Sheridan W, Pye JK, Pritchard G, et al. A randomized trial of dietary intervention with essential fatty acids in patients with categorized cysts. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1990;586:288-94. - PubMed
MARGARIN 2002 {published data only}
-
- Bemelmans WJ, Broer J, Feskens EJ, Smit AJ, Muskiet FA, Lefrandt JD, et al. Effect of an increased intake of alpha-linolenic acid and group nutritional education on cardiovascular risk factors: the Mediterranean Alpha-linolenic Enriched Groningen Dietary Intervention (MARGARIN) study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;75(2):221-7. - PubMed
Marniemi 1990 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Hakala P, Karvetti RL. Weight reduction on lactovegetarian and mixed diets. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;43(6):421-30. - PubMed
-
- Marniemi J, Seppanen A, Hakala P. Long-term effects on lipid metabolism of weight reduction on lactovegetarian and mixed diet. International Journal of Obesity 1990;14(2):113-25. - PubMed
Mattson 1985 {published data only}
-
- Mattson FH, Grundy SM. Comparison of effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man. Journal of Lipid Research 1985;26(2):194-202. - PubMed
McAuley 2005 {published and unpublished data}
-
- McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ, McLay RT, Williams SM, Taylor RW, et al. Comparison of a high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia 2005;48:8-16. - PubMed
-
- McAuley KA, Smith KJ, Taylor RW, McLay RT, Williams SM, Mann JI. Long-term effects of popular dietary approaches on weight loss and features of insulin resistance. International Journal of Obesity 2006;30(2):342-9. - PubMed
McCarron 1997 {published data only}
-
- McCarron DA, Oparil S, Chait A, Haynes RB, Kris EP, Stern JS, et al. Nutritional management of cardiovascular risk factors. A randomized clinical trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157(2):169-77. - PubMed
McCarron 2001 {published data only}
-
- McCarron DA, Reusser ME. Reducing cardiovascular disease risk with diet. Obesity Research 2001;9(Suppl 4):335S-40S. - PubMed
McKeown‐Eyssen 1994 {published and unpublished data}
-
- McKeown-Eyssen GE, Bright SE, Bruce WR, Jazmaji V. A randomized trial of a low fat high fibre diet in the recurrence of colorectal polyps. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1994;47(5):525-36. - PubMed
McManus 2001 {published and unpublished data}
-
- McManus K, Antinoro L, Sacks F. Randomized controlled trial of a moderate-fat low-energy diet compared with a low fat, low-energy diet for weight loss in overweight adults. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 2001;25(10):1503-11. - PubMed
McNamara 1981 {published data only}
-
- McNamara DJ, Kolb R, Parker T, Batwin H, Brown C, Samuel P, et al. Diet and cholesterol homeostasis in men [abstract]. Arteriosclerosis 1981;1:369A.
MeDiet 2002 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Carruba G, Granata OM, Pala V, Campisi I, Agostara B, Cusimano R, et al. A traditional Mediterranean diet decreases endogenous estrogens in healthy postmenopausal women. Nutrition and Cancer 2006;56(2):253-9. - PubMed
-
- Castagnetta L, Granata OM, Cusimano R, Ravazzolo B, Liquori M, Polito L, et al. The Mediet Project. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2002;963:282-9. - PubMed
-
- Granata OM, Traina A, Ramirez S, Campisi I, Zarcone M, Amodio R, et al. Dietary enterolactone affects androgen and estrogen levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2009;1155:232-6. - PubMed
MEDINA {published data only}
Medi‐RIVAGE 2004 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Borel P, Moussa M, Reboul E, Lyan B, Defoort C, Vincent-Baudry S, et al. Human fasting plasma concentrations of vitamin E and carotenoids, and their association with genetic variants in apo C-III, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, hepatic lipase, intestinal fatty acid binding protein and microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein. British Journal of Nutrition 2009;101(5):680-7. - PubMed
-
- Borel P, Moussa M, Reboul E, Lyan B, Defoort C, Vincent-Baudry S, et al. Human plasma levels of vitamin E and carotenoids are associated with genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in lipid metabolism. Journal of Nutrition 2007;137(12):2653-9. - PubMed
-
- Gastaldi M, Diziere S, Defoort C, Portugal H, Lairon D, Darmon M, et al. Sex-specific association of fatty acid binding protein 2 and microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein variants with response to dietary lipid changes in the 3-mo Medi-RIVAGE primary intervention study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86(6):1633-41. - PubMed
-
- Vincent S, Gerber M, Bernard MC, Defoort C, Loundou A, Portugal H, et al. The Medi-RIVAGE study (Mediterranean Diet, Cardiovascular Risks and Gene Polymorphisms): rationale, recruitment, design, dietary intervention and baseline characteristics of participants. Public Health Nutrition 2004;7(4):531-42. - PubMed
-
- Vincent-Baudry S, Defoort C, Gerber M, Bernard MC, Verger P, Helal O, et al. The Medi-RIVAGE study: reduction of cardiovascular disease risk factors after a 3-mo intervention with a Mediterranean-type diet or a low-fat diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;82(5):964-71. - PubMed
Mensink 1987 {published data only}
-
- Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of monounsaturated fatty acids versus complex carbohydrates on high-density lipoproteins in healthy men and women. Lancet 1987;1(8525):122-5. - PubMed
Mensink 1989 {published data only}
-
- Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of a diet enriched with monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids on levels of low density and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy women and men. New England Journal of Medicine 1989;321(7):436-41. - PubMed
Mensink 1990a {published data only}
-
- Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on high density and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects. New England Journal of Medicine 1990;323(7):439-45. - PubMed
Mensink 1990b {published and unpublished data}
-
- Mensink RP. Effect of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on High-Density and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Blood Pressure in Healthy Men and Women. Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University and Research Centre, 1990.
Metroville Health 2003 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Aziz KU, Dennis B, Davis CE, Sun K, Burke G, Manolio T, et al. Efficacy of CVD risk factor modification in a lower-middle class community in Pakistan: the Metroville Health Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 2003;15(1):30-6. - PubMed
Michalsen 2006 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Michalsen A, Lehmann N, Pithan C, Knoblauch NT, Moebus S, Kannenberg F, et al. Mediterranean diet has no effect on markers of inflammation and metabolic risk factors in patients with coronary artery disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;60(4):478-85. - PubMed
Miettinen 1994 {published data only}
-
- Miettinen TA, Vanhanen H. Dietary sitostanol related to absorption, synthesis and serum level of cholesterol in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes. Atherosclerosis 1994;105(2):217-26. - PubMed
Millar 1973 {published data only}
Miller 1998 {published data only}
-
- Miller ER, Appel LJ, Risby TH. Effect of dietary patterns on measures of lipid peroxidation: results from a randomised clinical trial. Circulation 1998;98(22):2390-5. - PubMed
Miller 2001 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Miller SL, Reber RJ, Chapman-Novakofski K. Prevalence of CVD risk factors and impact of a two-year education program for premenopausal women. Women's Health Issues 2001;11(6):486-93. - PubMed
Milne 1994 {published data only}
-
- Milne RM, Mann JI, Chisholm AW, Williams SM. Long-term comparison of three dietary prescriptions in the treatment of NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1994;17(1):74-80. - PubMed
Minnesota Coronary 1989 {published data only}
-
- Brewer ER, Ashman PL, Kuba K. The Minnesota Coronary Survey: composition of diets, adherence and serum lipid response [Abstract]. Circulation 1975;51 and 52(Suppl II):269.
-
- Dawson EA, Gatewood LC. The Minnesota Coronary Survey: methodology and characteristics of the population [Abstract]. Circulation 1975;51 and 52(Suppl II):271.
-
- Frantz ID Jr, Dawson EA, Ashman PL, Gatewood LC, Bartsch GE, Kuba K, et al. Test of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk. The Minnesota Coronary Survey. Arteriosclerosis 1989;9(1):129-35. - PubMed
-
- Frantz ID Jr, Dawson EA, Kuba K, Brewer ER, Gatewood LC, Bartsch GE. The Minnesota Coronary Survey: effect of diet on cardiovascular events and deaths [abstract]. Circulation 1975;51 and 52(Suppl II):4.
Minnesota HHP 1990 {published data only}
-
- Murray DM, Kurth C, Mullis R, Jeffery RW. Cholesterol reduction through low-intensity interventions: results from the Minnesota Heart Health Program. Preventive Medicine 1990;19(2):181-9. - PubMed
Mojonnier 1980 {published data only}
-
- Mojonnier ML, Hall Y, Berkson DM, Robinson E, Wethers B, Pannbacker B, et al. Experience in changing food habits of hyperlipidaemic men and women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1980;77(2):140-8. - PubMed
Mokuno 1988 {published data only}
-
- Mokuno H, Yamada N, Sugimoto T. Cholesterol free diet in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: significant lowering effect on plasma cholesterol (abstract). Arteriosclerosis 1988;8(5):590a. - PubMed
Mortensen 1983 {published data only}
-
- Mortensen JZ, Schmidt EB, Nielsen AH, Dyerberg J. The effect of N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hemostasis, blood lipids and blood pressure. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1983;50(2):543-6. - PubMed
Mottalib 2018 {published data only}
MRFIT substudy 1986 {published data only}
-
- Daniel GJ, Dolecek TA, Caggiula AW, Van Horn LV, Epley L, Randall BL. Increasing the use of meatless meals: a nutrition intervention substudy in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1986;86(6):778-81. - PubMed
MSDELTA 1995 {published data only}
-
- Ginsberg HN. New directions in dietary studies and heart disease: the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute sponsored multicenter study of diet effects on lipoproteins and thrombogenic activity. Advances In Experimental Medicine and Biology 1995;369:241-7. - PubMed
MSFAT 1997 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Van het Hoff K, Weststrate JA, Van den Berg H, Velthuis-te Wierik EJ, De Graaf C, Zimmermanns NJ, et al. A long-term study on the effect of spontaneous consumption of reduced fat products as part of a normal diet on indicators of health. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1997;48(1):19-29. - PubMed
-
- Velthuis-te Wierik EJ, Van Leeuwen RE, Hendriks HF, Verhagen H, Loft S, Poulsen HE, et al. Short-term moderate energy restriction does not affect indicators of oxidative stress and genotoxicity in humans. Journal of Nutrition 1995;125(10):2631-9. - PubMed
-
- Velthuis-te Wierik EJ, Van den Berg H, Weststrate JA, Van het Hoff KH, De Graaf C. Consumption of reduced-fat products: effects on parameters of anti-oxidative capacity. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996;50(4):214-9. - PubMed
-
- Weststrate JA, Van het Hof KH, Van den Berg H, Velthuis-te Wierik EJ, De Graaf C, Zimmermanns NJ, et al. A comparison of the effect of free access to reduced fat products or their full fat equivalents on food intake, body weight, blood lipids and fat-soluble antioxidants levels and haemostasis variables. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;52(6):389-95. - PubMed
Mujeres Felices 2003 {published data only}
-
- Fitzgibbon ML, Gapstur SM, Knight SJ. Mujeres felices por ser saludables: a breast cancer risk reduction program for Latino women. Preventive Medicine 2003;36(5):536-46. - PubMed
-
- Fitzgibbon ML, Gapstur SM, Knight SJ. Results of Mujeres Felices por ser Saludables: a dietary/breast health randomized clinical trial for Latino women. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2004;28(2):95-104. - PubMed
Mutanen 1997 {published data only}
-
- Mutanen M. Comparison between dietary monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids as regards diet-related diseases. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 1997;51(8):314-7. - PubMed
Muzio 2007 {published data only}
-
- Muzio F, Mondazzi L, Harris WS, Sommariva D, Branchi A. Effects of moderate variations in the macronutrient content of the diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86(4):946-51. - PubMed
Naglak 2000 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Naglak MC, Mitchell DC, Shannon BM, Pearson TA, Harkness WL, Kris-Etherton PM. Nutrient adequacy of diets of adults with hypercholesterolemia after a cholesterol-lowering intervention: long term assessment. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2000;100(11):1385-91. - PubMed
NAS 1987 {published data only}
-
- Chlebowski RT, Nixon DW, Blackburn GL, Jochimsen P, Scanlon EF, Insull W, et al. A breast cancer Nutrition Adjuvant Study (NAS): protocol design and initial patient adherence. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 1987;10(1):21-9. - PubMed
National Diet Heart 1968 {published data only}
-
- Baker BM, Frantz ID Jr, Keys A, Kinsell LW, Page IH, Stamler J, et al. The National Diet-Heart Study: an initial report. JAMA 1963;185:105-6. - PubMed
-
- Brown HB. The National Diet Heart Study - implications for dietitians and nutritionists. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1968;52(4):279-87. - PubMed
-
- Page IH, Brown HB. Some observations on the National Diet-Heart Study. Circulation 1968;37(3):313-5. - PubMed
-
- The National Diet-Heart Study Research Group. The National Diet-Heart Study final report. Circulation 1968;37(II):1-428. - PubMed
-
- The National Diet-Heart Study Research Group. The National Diet-Heart Study. Nutrition Reviews 1968;26(5):133-6. - PubMed
NCEP weight 1991 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Williams PT, Haskell WL. The effects on plasma lipoproteins of a prudent weight-reducing diet, with or without exercise, in overweight men and women. New England Journal of Medicine 1991;325(7):461-6. - PubMed
NCT01954472 {published data only}
-
- NCT01954472. Enhanced multicenter dietary portfolio study (EDP8). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01954472 (first posted 1 October 2013).
NCT03068078 {published data only}
-
- NCT03068078. A reduced-carbohydrate diet high in monounsaturated fats in type 2 diabetes (ReDuCtion). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03068078 (first posted 1 March 2017).
Neil 1995 {published data only}
Neverov 1997 {published data only}
-
- Neverov NI, Kaysen GA, Tareyeva IE. Effect of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of renal disease in nondiabetic nephrotic patients. Contributions to Nephrology 1997;120:68-78. - PubMed
Next Step 1995 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Tilley BC, Vernon SW, Glanz K, Myers R, Sanders K, Lu M, et al. Worksite cancer screening and nutrition intervention for high-risk auto workers: design and baseline findings of the Next Step Trial. Preventive Medicine 1997;26(2):227-35. - PubMed
-
- Tilley BC, Vernon SW, Myers R, Glanz K, Lu M, Sanders K, et al. Planning the next step. A screening promotion and nutrition intervention trial in the work site. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1995;768:296-9. - PubMed
Nordoy 1971 {published data only}
-
- Nordoy A, Rodset JM. The influence of dietary fats on platelets in man. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1971;190(1-2):27-34. - PubMed
Norway Veg Oil 1968 {published data only}
-
- Natvig H, Borchgrevink CF, Dedichen J, Owren PA, Schiotz EH, Westlund K. A controlled trial of the effect of linolenic acid on incidence of coronary heart disease: the Norwegian Vegetable Oil Experiment of 1965-66. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1968;105(Suppl):1-20. - PubMed
Nutri‐AGEs 2015 {published data only}
-
- NCT02353416. Effect of low-glycemic index Mediterranean diet on ages (Nutri_AGEs). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02353416 (first posted 2 February 2015).
Nutrition Breast Health {published and unpublished data}
-
- Djuric Z, Poore KM, Depper JB, Uhley VE, Lababidi S, Covington C, et al. Methods to increase fruit and vegetable intake with and without a decrease in fat intake: compliance and effects on body weight in the Nutrition and Breast Health Study. Nutrition and Cancer 2002;43(2):141-51. - PubMed
O'Brien 1976 {published data only}
-
- O'Brien JR, Etherington MD, Jamieson S. Effect of a diet of polyunsaturated fats on some platelet-function tests. Lancet 1976;2(7993):995-6. - PubMed
ODES 2006 {published data only}
-
- Anderssen S, Holme I, Urdal P, Hjermann I. Diet and exercise intervention have favourable effects on blood pressure in mild hypertensives: the Oslo Diet and Exercise Study (ODES). Blood Pressure 1995;4(6):343-9. - PubMed
-
- Anderssen SA, Hjermann I, Urdal P, Torjesen PA, Holme I. Improved carbohydrate metabolism after physical training and dietary intervention in individuals with the "atherothrombogenic syndrome". Oslo Diet and Exercise Study (ODES). A randomized trial. Journal of Internal Medicine 1996;240(4):203-9. - PubMed
-
- Holme I, Haaheim LL, Tonstad S, Hjermann I, Holme I, Haaheim LL, et al. Effect of dietary and antismoking advice on the incidence of myocardial infarction: a 16-year follow-up of the Oslo Diet and Antismoking Study after its close. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 2006;16(5):330-8. - PubMed
-
- ODES Investigators. The Oslo Diet and Exercise Study (ODES): design and objectives. Controlled Clinical Trials 1993;14(3):229-43. - PubMed
-
- Rokling-Andersen MH, Reseland JE, Veierod MB, Anderssen SA, Jacobs DR Jr, Urdal P, et al. Effects of long-term exercise and diet intervention on plasma adipokine concentrations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86(5):1293-301. - PubMed
Oldroyd 2001 {published data only}
-
- Oldroyd JC, Unwin NC, White M, Mathers JC, Alberti KG. Randomised controlled trial evaluating lifestyle interventions in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice 2006;72(2):117-27. - PubMed
-
- Oldroyd JC. Randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of behavioural interventions to modify cardiovascular risk factors in men and women with impaired glucose tolerance: outcomes at 6 months. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2001;52(1):29-43. - PubMed
Ole Study 2002 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Bray GA, Lovejoy JC, Most-Windhauser M, Smith SR, Volaufova J, Denkins Y, et al. A 9-mo randomized clinical trial comparing fat-substituted and fat-reduced diets in healthy obese men: the Ole Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76(5):928-34. - PubMed
-
- Lovejoy JC, Bray GA, Lefevre M, Smith SR, Most MM, Denkins YM, et al. Consumption of a controlled low-fat diet containing olestra for 9 months improves health risk factors in conjunction with weight loss in obese men: the Ole Study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 2003;27(10):1242-9. - PubMed
OLIVE 1997 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Colquhoun DM, Somerset S, Glasziou PP, Richards D, Weyers J. Comparison of an olive oil enriched diet to a low fat diet intervention study using vascular endpoints: assessed by repeat quantitative angiography (OLIVE study). Australian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 1998;55(Suppl 4):S24-9.
-
- Colquhoun DM. Rationale and design of the "OLIVE" study (Comparison of an Olive oil enriched to a low fat diet intervention study using vascular endpoints) [Abstract]. In: 11th International Symposium on Atherosclerosis; 1997 October; Paris. 1997:326.
ORIGIN 2008 {published data only}
-
- Gerstein H, Yusuf S, Riddle MC, Ryden L, Bosch J. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics for a large international trial of cardiovascular disease prevention in people with dysglycemia: the ORIGIN Trial (Outcome Reduction with an Initial Glargine Intervention). American Heart Journal 2008;155(1):26-32. - PubMed
Oslo Study 2004 {published data only}
-
- Hjerkinn EM, Sandvik L, Hjermann I, Arnesen H. Effect of diet intervention on long-term mortality in healthy middle-aged men with combined hyperlipidaemia. Journal of Internal Medicine 2004;255(1):68-73. - PubMed
-
- Hjermann I, Leren P, Norman N, Helgeland A, Holme I. Serum insulin response to oral glucose load during a dietary intervention trial in healthy coronary high risk men: the Oslo study. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1980;40(1):89-94. - PubMed
-
- Hjermann I, Velve BK, Holme I, Leren P. Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease. Report from the Oslo Study Group of a randomised trial in healthy men. Lancet 1981;2(8259):1303-10. - PubMed
-
- Hjermann I. Intervention of smoking and eating habits in healthy men carrying high risk for coronary heart disease. The Oslo Study. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1981;651(Suppl):281-4. - PubMed
-
- Hjermann I. Smoking and diet intervention in healthy coronary high risk men. Methods and 5-year follow-up of risk factors in a randomized trial. The Oslo study. Journal of the Oslo City Hospitals 1980;30(1):3-17. - PubMed
Pascale 1995 {published data only}
-
- Pascale RW, Wing RR, Butler BA, Mullen M, Bononi P. Effects of a behavioral weight loss program stressing calorie restriction versus calorie plus fat restriction in obese individuals with NIDDM or a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995;18(9):1241-8. - PubMed
PEP 2001 {published data only}
-
- Ohrig E, Geib HC, Haas G-M, Schwandt P. The prevention education program (PEP) Nuremberg: design and baseline data of a family oriented intervention study. International Journal of Obesity 2001;25(Suppl 1):S89-92. - PubMed
PHYLLIS 1993 {published data only}
-
- Bond GM, Crepaldi G, Zanchetti A, Avogaro P, Marubini E, Maseri A, et al. Plaque hypertension lipid-lowering Italian study (PHYLLIS): a protocol for non-invasive evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic hypertensive subjects. Journal of Hypertension 1993;11(Suppl 5):S314-5. - PubMed
Pilkington 1960 {published and unpublished data}
Polyp Prevention 1996 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Lanza E, Schatzkin A, Ballard BR, Clifford DC, Paskett E, Hayes D, et al. The polyp prevention trial II: dietary intervention program and participant baseline dietary characteristics. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 1996;5(5):385-92. - PubMed
-
- Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Freedman LS, Tangrea J, Cooper MR, Marshall JR, et al. The polyp prevention trial I: rationale, design, recruitment, and baseline participant characteristics. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 1996;5(5):375-83. - PubMed
POUNDS LOST 2009 {published and unpublished data}
-
- De Souza RJ, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Hall KD, LeBoff MS, Loria CM, et al. Effects of 4 weight-loss diets differing in fat, protein, and carbohydrate on fat mass, lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and hepatic fat: results from the POUNDS LOST trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;95(3):614-25. - PMC - PubMed
PREDIMED 2008 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Buil-Cosiales P, Irimia P, Ros E, Riverol M, Gilabert R, Martinez-Vila E, et al. Dietary fibre intake is inversely associated with carotid intima-media thickness: a cross-sectional assessment in the PREDIMED study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;63(10):1213-9. - PubMed
-
- Castañer O, Corella D, Covas MI, Sorlí JV, Subirana I, Flores-Mateo G, et al. In vivo transcriptomic profile after a Mediterranean diet in high-cardiovascular risk patients: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;98(3):845-53. - PubMed
-
- Díaz-López A, Bulló M, Martínez-González MÁ, Guasch-Ferré M, Ros E, Basora J, et al. Effects of mediterranean diets on kidney function: a report from the PREDIMED trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2012;60(3):380-9. - PubMed
-
- Damasceno NRT, Sala-Vila A, Cofán M, Pérez-Heras AM, Fitó M, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, et al. Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts reduces waist circumference and shifts lipoprotein subfractions to a less atherogenic pattern in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2013;230(2):347-53. - PubMed
-
- Estruch R, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvadó J, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Covas MI, et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2006;145(1):1-11. - PubMed
PREMIER 2003 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, et al. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA 2003;289(16):2083-93. - PubMed
-
- Elmer PJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Simons-Morton D, Stevens VJ, Young DR, et al. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on diet, weight, physical fitness, and blood pressure control: 18-month results of a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2006;144(7):485-95. - PubMed
-
- Ledikwe JH, Rolls BJ, Smiciklas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Ard JD, Champagne C, et al. Reductions in dietary energy density are associated with weight loss in overweight and obese participants in the PREMIER trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85(5):1212-21. - PubMed
-
- Lien LF, Brown AJ, Ard JD, Loria C, Erlinger TP, Feldstein AC, et al. Effects of PREMIER lifestyle modifications on participants with and without the metabolic syndrome. Hypertension 2007;50(4):609-16. - PubMed
-
- Lin PH, Appel LJ, Funk K, Craddick S, Chen C, Elmer P, et al. The PREMIER intervention helps participants follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension dietary pattern and the current Dietary Reference Intakes recommendations. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2007;107(9):1541-51. - PubMed
Pritchard 2002 {published data only}
-
- Pritchard JE, Nowson CA, Billington T, Wark JD. Benefits of a year-long workplace weight loss program on cardiovascular risk factors. Nutrition and Dietetics 2002;59(2):87-96.
Puget Sound EP 2000 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Kristal AR, Curry SJ, Shattuck AL, Feng Z, Li S. A randomized trial of a tailored, self-help dietary intervention: the Puget Sound Eating Patterns Study. Preventive Medicine 2000;31(4):380-9. - PubMed
Rabast 1979 {published data only}
-
- Rabast U, Schonborn J, Kasper H. Dietetic treatment of obesity with low and high-carbohydrate diets: comparative studies and clinical results. International Journal of Obesity 1979;3(3):201-11. - PubMed
Rabkin 1981 {published data only}
-
- Rabkin SW, Boyko E, Streja DA. Relationship of weight loss and cigarette smoking to changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34(9):1764-8. - PubMed
Radack 1990 {published data only}
-
- Radack K, Deck C, Huster G. The comparative effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma fibrinogen levels: a controlled clinical trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1990;9(4):352-7. - PubMed
Rasmussen 1995 {published data only}
-
- Rasmussen OW, Thomsen CH, Hansen KW, Vesterlund M, Winther E, Hermansen K. Favourable effect of olive oil in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The effect on blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels of a high-fat diet rich in monounsaturated fat compared with a carbohydrate-rich diet [Gunstig virkning af olivenolie hos ikkeinsulinkraevende diabetikere. Virkningen pa blodtryk, blodglukose og lipidniveauer af en dioet med et hojt indhold af monoumoettet fedt sammenlignet med en kulhydratrig dioet]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1995;157(8):1028-32. - PubMed
Reaven 2001 {published data only}
-
- Reaven GM, Abbasi F, Bernhart S, Coulston A, Darnell B, Dashti N, et al. Insulin resistance, dietary cholesterol, and cholesterol concentration in postmenopausal women. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental 2001;50(5):594-7. - PubMed
Reid 2002 {published data only}
-
- Reid R, Fodor G, Lydon-Hassen K, D'Angelo MS, McCrea J, Bowlby M, et al. Dietary counselling for dyslipidemia in primary care: results of a randomized trial. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice & Research 2002;63(4):169-75. - PubMed
Renaud 1986 {published data only}
-
- Renaud S, Godsey F, Dumont E, Thevenon C, Ortchanian E, Martin JL. Influence of long-term diet modification on platelet function and composition in Moselle farmers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;43(1):136-50. - PubMed
Rivellese 1994 {published and unpublished data}
Rivellese 2003 {published data only}
-
- Rivellese AA, Maffettone A, Vessby B, Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, Berglund L, et al. Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids on fasting lipoproteins, LDL size and post-prandial lipid metabolism in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 2003;167(1):149-58. - PubMed
Roderick 1997 {published and unpublished data}
Roman CHD prev 1986 {published data only}
-
- Research Group of the Rome Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention. Eight-year follow-up results from the Rome Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention. Preventive Medicine 1986;15(2):176-91. - PubMed
-
- Research Group of the Rome Project of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention. The Roman Coronary Disease Prevention Project: effectiveness of intervention and reduction of mortality over a 10-year period [II Progetto Romano di Prevenzione della Cardiopatia Coronarica: efficacia dell'intervento e riduzione della mortalita in 10 anni]. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia 1986;16(3):196-202. - PubMed
Rose 1987 {published data only}
-
- Rose DP, Boyar AP, Cohen C, Strong LE. Effect of a low fat diet on hormone levels in women with cystic breast disease. I. Serum steroids and gonadotropins. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1987;78(4):623-6. - PubMed
Sarkkinen 1995 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Makinen E, Uusitupa MI, Pietinen P, Aro A, Penttila I. Long term effects of three fat modified diets on serum lipids in free living hypercholesterolaemic subjects (abstract). European Heart Journal 1991;12:162.
-
- Sarkkinen E. Long-Term Feasibility and Effects of Three Different Fat-Modified Diets in Free-Living Hypercholesterolemic Subjects [PhD thesis]. Kuopio, Finland: University of Kuopio, 1995.
-
- Sarkkinen ES, Agren JJ, Ahola I, Ovaskainen ML, Uusitupa MI. Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters, and erythrocyte and platelet membranes as indicators of long-term adherence to fat-modified diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59(2):364-70. - PubMed
-
- Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI, Nyyssonen K, Parviainen M, Penttila I, Salonen JT. Effects of two low-fat diets, high and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, on plasma lipid peroxides and serum vitamin E levels in free-living hypercholesterolaemic men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;47(9):623-30. - PubMed
-
- Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI, Pietinen P, Aro A, Ahola I, Penttila I, et al. Long-term effects of three fat-modified diets in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 1994;105(1):9-23. - PubMed
Schaefer 1995a {published data only}
-
- Schaefer EJ, Lichtenstein AH, Lamon-Fava S, McNamara JR, Schaefer MM, Rasmussen H, et al. Body weight and low density lipoprotein cholesterol changes after consumption of a low fat ad libitum diet. JAMA 1995;274(18):1450-5. - PubMed
Schaefer 1995b {published data only}
-
- Schaefer EJ, Lichtenstein AH, Lamon-Fava S, Contois JH, Li Z, Rasmussen H, et al. Efficacy of a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet in normolipidaemic and hypercholesterolaemic middle-aged and elderly men and women. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1995;15(8):1079-85. - PubMed
Schectman 1996 {published data only}
-
- Schectman G, Wolff N, Byrd JC, Hiatt JG, Hartz A. Physician extenders for cost-effective management of hypercholesterolemia. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1996;11(5):277-86. - PubMed
Schlierf 1995 {published data only}
-
- Schlierf G, Schuler G, Hambrecht R, Niebauer J, Hauer K, Vogel G, et al. Treatment of coronary heart disease by diet and exercise. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1995;25(Suppl 4):S32-4. - PubMed
Seppanen‐Laakso 1992 {published data only}
-
- Seppanen-Laakso T, Vanhanen H, Laakso I, Kohtamaki H, Viikari J. Replacement of butter on bread by rapeseed oil and rapeseed oil-containing margarine: effects on plasma fatty acid composition and serum cholesterol. British Journal of Nutrition 1992;68:639-54. - PubMed
Seppelt 1996 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Seppelt B, Weststrate JA, Reinert A, Johnson D, Luder W, Zunft HJ. Long-term effects of nutrition with fat-reduced foods on energy consumption and body weight [Langzeiteffekte einer ernährung mit fettreduzierten lebensmitteln auf die energieaufnahme und das körpergewicht]. Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft 1996;35(4):369-77. - PubMed
Singh 1991 {published data only}
-
- Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Sircar AR. Dietary strategies for risk-factor modification to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Nutrition 1991;7(3):210-4. - PubMed
Singh 1992 {published data only}
-
- Singh RB, Niaz MA, Agarwal P, Begom R, Rastogi SS. Effect of antioxidant-rich foods on plasma ascorbic acid, cardiac enzyme, and lipid peroxide levels in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1995;95(7):775-80. - PubMed
-
- Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verma R, Bolaki L, Singh R. An Indian experiment with nutritional modulation in acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 1992;69(9):879-85. - PubMed
Sirtori 1992 {published data only}
-
- Sirtori CR, Gatti E, Tremoli E, Galli C, Gianfranceschi G, Franceschini G, et al. Olive oil, corn oil, and n-3 fatty acids differently affect lipids, lipoproteins, platelets, and superoxide formation in type II hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1992;56(1):113-22. - PubMed
SLIM 2008 {published data only}
-
- Roumen C, Corpeleijn E, Feskens EJ, Mensink M, Saris WH, Blaak EE, et al. Impact of 3-year lifestyle intervention on postprandial glucose metabolism: the SLIM study. Diabetic Medicine 2008;25(5):597-605. - PubMed
Sopotsinskaia 1992 {published data only}
-
- Sopotsinskaia EB, Balitskii KP, Tarutinov VI, Zhukova VM, Semenchuk DD, Kozlovskaia SG, et al. Experience with the use of a low-calorie diet in breast cancer patients to prevent metastasis [Opyt primeneniia nizkokaloriinoi diety u bol'nykh rakom molochnoi zhelezy s tsel'iu profilaktiki metastazi]. Voprosy Onkologii 1992;38(5):592-9. - PubMed
Soul Food Light {published data only}
-
- Anderson-Loftin W, Barnett S, Bunn P, Sullivan P, Hussey J, Tavakoli A. Soul Food Light: culturally competent diabetes education. Diabetes Educator 2005;31(4):555-63. - PubMed
Stanford NAP 1997 {published data only}
Stanford Weight 1994 {published and unpublished data}
Starmans 1995 {published data only}
-
- Starmans KM, Lustermans FT, Kragten HA, Struijker BH, Rilla H. Lowering cholesterol in patients with mild hypercholesterolaemia does not improve functional properties of large arteries [abstract]. Netherlands Journal Of Medicine 1995;46:A70.
Steinbach 1996 {published data only}
-
- Steinbach M. A Romanian contribution to the epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine 1996;34(1-2):137-48. - PubMed
Steptoe 2001 {published data only}
Stevens 2002 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Karanja N, Smith KS. One-year results from a brief, computer-assisted intervention to decrease consumption of fat and increase consumption of fruits and vegetables. Preventive Medicine 2003;36(5):594-600. - PubMed
-
- Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Karanja N, Smith KS. Randomized trial of a brief dietary intervention to decrease consumption of fat and increase consumption of fruits and vegetables. American Journal of Health Promotion 2002;16(3):129-34. - PubMed
Stevenson 1988 {published data only}
-
- Stevenson DW, Darga LL, Spafford TR, Ahmad N, Lucas CP. Variable effects of weight loss on serum lipids and lipoproteins in obese patients. International Journal of Obesity 1988;12(6):495-502. - PubMed
Strychar 2009 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Strychar I, Cohn JS, Renier G, Rivard M, Aris-Jilwan N, Beauregard H, et al. Effects of a diet higher in carbohydrate/lower in fat versus lower in carbohydrate/higher in monounsaturated fat on postmeal triglyceride concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factors in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32(9):1597-9. - PMC - PubMed
Sweeney 2004 {published data only}
-
- Sweeney M. Effects of very low-fat diets on anginal symptoms. Medical Hypotheses 2004;63(3):553. - PubMed
Søndergaard 2003 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Søndergaard E, Møller JE, Egstrup K. Effect of dietary intervention and lipid-lowering treatment on brachial vasoreactivity in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypercholesterolemia. American Heart Journal 2003;145(5):E19. - PubMed
TAIM 1992 {published data only}
-
- Davis BR, Blaufox MD, Hawkins CM, Langford HG, Oberman A, Swencionis C, et al. Trial of antihypertensive interventions and management. Design, methods, and selected baseline results. Controlled Clinical Trials 1989;10(1):11-30. - PubMed
-
- Davis BR, Blaufox MD, Oberman A, Wassertheil SS, Zimbaldi N, Cutler JA, et al. Reduction in long-term antihypertensive medication requirements. Effects of weight reduction by dietary intervention in overweight persons with mild hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;153(15):1773-82. - PubMed
-
- Davis BR, Oberman A, Blaufox MD, Wassertheil SS, Hawkins CM, Cutler JA, et al. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on weight loss. The Trial of Antihypertensive Interventions and Management Research Group. Hypertension 1992;19(4):393-9. - PubMed
-
- Langford HG, Davis BR, Blaufox D, Oberman A, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hawkins M, et al. Effect of drug and diet treatment of mild hypertension on diastolic blood pressure. The TAIM Research. Hypertension 1991;17(2):210-7. - PubMed
-
- Oberman A, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Langford HG, Blaufox MD, Davis BR, Blaszkowski T, et al. Pharmacologic and nutritional treatment of mild hypertension: changes in cardiovascular risk status. Annals of Internal Medicine 1990;112(2):89-95. - PubMed
Tapsell 2004 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Tapsell LC, Hokman A, Sebastiao A, Denmeade S, Martin G, Calvert GD, et al. The impact of usual dietary patterns, selection of significant foods and cuisine choices on changing dietary fat under 'free living' conditions. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;13(1):86-91. - PubMed
THIS DIET 2008 {published data only}
-
- Tuttle KR, Shuler LA, Packard DP, Milton JE, Daratha KB, Bibus DM, et al. Comparison of low-fat versus Mediterranean-style dietary intervention after first myocardial infarction (from the Heart Institute of Spokane Diet Intervention and Evaluation Trial). American Journal of Cardiology 2008;101(11):1523-30. - PubMed
TOHP I 1992 {published data only}
-
- Kumanyika SK, Hebert PR, Cutler JA, Lasser VI, Sugars CP, Steffen Batey L, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of sodium reduction in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase I. Hypertension 1993;22(4):502-12. - PubMed
-
- Satterfield S, Cutler JA, Langford HG, Applegate WB, Borhani NO, Brittain E, et al. Trials of hypertension prevention. Annals of Epidemiology 1991;1(5):455-71. - PubMed
-
- Stevens VJ, Corrigan SA, Obarzanek E, Bernauer E, Cook NR, Hebert P, et al, the TOHP Collaborative Research Group. Weight loss intervention in phase I of the trials of hypertension prevention. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;153(7):849-58. - PubMed
-
- The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I. JAMA 1992;267(9):1213-20. - PubMed
-
- Whelton PK, Hebert PR, Cutler J, Applegate WB, Eberlein KA, Klag MJ, et al. Baseline characteristics of participants in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. Annals of Epidemiology 1992;2(3):295-310. - PubMed
TONE 1997 {published data only}
-
- Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger-WH J, Kostis JB, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). JAMA 1998;279(11):839-46. - PubMed
-
- Whelton PK, Babnson J, Appel LJ, Charleston J, Cosgrove N, Espeland MA, et al. Recruitment in the Trial of NOnpharmacologic intervention in the Elderly (TONE). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1997;45(2):185-93. - PubMed
Toobert 2003 {published data only}
-
- Toobert DJ, Glasgow RE, Strycker LA, Barrera M Jr, Radcliffe JL, Wander RC, et al. Biologic and quality-of-life outcomes from the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2003;26(8):2288-93. - PubMed
Towle 1994 {published data only}
-
- Towle LA, Bergman EA, Joseph E. Low-fat bison-hybrid ground meat has no effects on serum lipid levels in a study of 12 men. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1994;94(5):546-8. - PubMed
TRANSFACT 2006 {published data only}
-
- Chardigny JM, Malpuech-Brugere C, Dionisi F, Bauman DE, German B, Mensink RP, et al. Rationale and design of the TRANSFACT project phase I: a study to assess the effect of the two different dietary sources of trans fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors in humans. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2006;27(4):364-73. - PubMed
-
- Chardigny JM. Do trans fatty acids from industrially produced sources and from natural sources have the same effect on cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy subjects? Results of the Trans Fatty Acids Collaboration (TRANSFACT) study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;108(3):558-66. - PubMed
Treatwell 1992 {published and unpublished data}
Tromsø Heart 1989 {published data only}
-
- Knutsen SF, Knutsen R. The Tromsø Heart Study: family approach to intervention on CHD. Feasibility of risk factor reduction in high-risk persons--project description. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 1989;17(1):109-19. - PubMed
Troyer 2010 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Racine EF, Lyerly J, Troyer JL, Warren-Findlow J, McAuley WJ. The influence of home-delivered dietary approaches to stop hypertension meals on body mass index, energy intake, and percent of energy needs consumed among older adults with hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics 2012;112(11):1755-62. - PubMed
-
- Troyer JL, Racine EF, Ngugi GW, McAuley WJ. The effect of home-delivered Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) meals on the diets of older adults with cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;91(5):1204-12. - PubMed
UK PDS 1996 {published data only}
-
- Turner R, Cull C, Holman R. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 17: a 9-year update of a randomized, controlled trial on the effect of improved metabolic control on complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine 1996;124(1 Pt 2):136-45. - PubMed
-
- Turner RC, Holman RR. Lessons from UK prospective diabetes study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1995;28(Suppl):S151-7. - PubMed
Urbach 1952 {published data only}
-
- Urbach R, Hildreth EA, Wackerman MT. The therapeutic uses of low fat, low cholesterol diets: I. Treatment of essential familial xanthomatosis. Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1952;1(1):52-6. - PubMed
Uusitupa 1993 {published data only}
-
- Uusitupa M, Laitinen J, Siitonen O, Vanninen E, Pyorala K. The maintenance of improved metabolic control after intensified diet therapy in recent type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1993;19(3):227-38. - PubMed
VASTKOST 2012 {published data only}
-
- Guldbrand H, Dizdar B, Bunjaku B, Lindstrom T, Bachrach-Lindstrom M, Fredrikson M, et al. In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Diabetologia 2012;55(8):2118-27. - PMC - PubMed
-
- Guldbrand H, Lindstrom T, Dizdar B, Bunjaku B, Ostgren CJ, Nystrom FH, et al. Randomization to a low-carbohydrate diet advice improves health related quality of life compared with a low-fat diet at similar weight-loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice 2014;106(2):221-7. - PubMed
Vavrikova 1958 {published data only}
-
- Vavrikova J. Essential fatty acids, lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis [letter]. Lancet 1958;1:1337. - PubMed
Verheiden 2003 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
-
- Verheiden MW, Van der Veen JE, Van Zadelhoff WM, Bakx C, Koelen MA, Van den Hoogen HJ, et al. Nutrition guidance in Dutch family practice: behavioural determinants of reduction in fat consumption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;77(Suppl):1058S-64S. - PubMed
WAHA 2016 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Bitok E, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Rajaram S, Serra-Mir M, Roth I, Feitas-Simoes T, et al. Favourable nutrient intake and displacement with long-term walnut supplementation among elderly: results of a randomised trial. British Journal of Nutrition 2017;118(3):201-9. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114517001957] - DOI - PubMed
-
- Bitok E, Rajaram S, Ros E. Does a daily walnut supplement given for a year result in body weight gain? FASEB Journal 2016;30:1157.5.
-
- Huey L, Bitok E, Kazzi N. Dietary compliance of walnut or no walnut intake in a 1-year randomized intervention trial among free-living elderly in the Walnuts and Healthy Aging Study (WAHA). FASEB Journal 2016;30:1157.10.
-
- Ros E, Rajaram S, Sala-Vila A, Serra-Mir M, Valls-Pedret C, Cofán M, et al. Effect of a 1-year walnut supplementation on blood lipids among older individuals: findings from the Walnuts and Healthy Aging (WAHA) study. FASEB Journal 2016;30(1 Suppl):293.4.
Wass 1981 {published data only}
-
- Wass VJ, Jarrett RJ, Meilton V, Start MK, Mattock M, Ogg CS, et al. Effect of a long-term fat-modified diet on serum lipoprotein levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in patients. Clinical Science 1981;60(1):81-6. - PubMed
Wassertheil 1985 {published data only}
-
- Wassertheil SS, Blaufox MD, Langford HG, Oberman A, Cutter G, Pressel S. Prediction of response to sodium intervention for blood pressure control. Journal of Hypertension 1986;4(5 Suppl):S343-6. - PubMed
-
- Wassertheil SS, Langford HG, Blaufox MD, Oberman A, Hawkins M, Levine B, et al. Effective dietary intervention in hypertensives: sodium restriction and weight reduction. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1985;85(4):423-30. - PubMed
WATCH 1999 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Ockene IS, Hebert JR, Ockene JK, Saperia GM, Stanek E, Nicolosi R, et al. Effect of a physician-delivered nutrition counselling training and an office-support program on saturated fat intake, weight, and serum lipid measurements in a hyperlipidemic population: Worcester Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999;159(7):725-31. - PubMed
Watts 1988 {published data only}
Weintraub 1992 {published data only}
-
- Weintraub M, Sundaresan PR, Schuster B. Long-term weight control study. VII (weeks 0 to 210). Serum lipid changes. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1992;51(5):634-41. - PubMed
Westman 2006 {published data only}
-
- Westman EC, Yancy WS Jr, Olsen MK, Dudley T, Guyton JR. Effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet program compared to a low-fat diet on fasting lipoprotein subclasses. International Journal of Cardiology 2006;110(2):212-6. - PubMed
Weststrate 1998 {published data only}
-
- Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total-and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;52(5):334-43. - PubMed
WHEL 2007 {published data only}
-
- Caan BJ, Flatt SW, Rock CL, Ritenbaugh C, Newman V, Pierce JP, et al, Women's Healthy Eating and Living Group. Low-energy reporting in women at risk for breast cancer recurrence. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2000;9(10):1091-7. - PubMed
-
- Gold EB, Flatt SW, Pierce JP, Bardwell WA, Hajek RA, Newman VA, et al. Dietary factors and vasomotor symptoms in breast cancer survivors: the WHEL Study. Menopause 2006;13(3):423-33. - PubMed
-
- Hernandez-Valero MA, Thomson CA, Hernandez M, Tran T, Detry MA, Theriault RL, et al. Comparison of baseline dietary intake of Hispanic and matched non-Hispanic white breast cancer survivors enrolled in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2008;108(8):1323-9. - PMC - PubMed
WHO primary prev 1979 {published data only}
WHT 1990 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Bowen D, Clifford CK, Coates R, Evans M, Feng Z, Fouad M, et al. The Women's Health Trial feasibility study in minority populations: design and baseline descriptions. Annals of Epidemiology 1996;6(6):507-19. - PubMed
-
- Bowen D. The role of participation in the Women's Health trial: feasibility study in minority populations. Preventive Medicine 2000;31(5):474-80. - PubMed
-
- Bowen DJ, Kestin M, McTiernan A, Carrell D, Green P. Effects of dietary fat intervention on mental health in women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 1995;4(5):555-9. - PubMed
-
- Gorbach SL, Morrill LA, Woods MN, Dwyer JT, Selles WD, Henderson M, et al. Changes in food patterns during a low-fat dietary intervention in women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1990;90(6):802-9. - PubMed
-
- Henderson MM, Kushi LH, Thompson DJ, Gorbach SL, Clifford CK, Insull W, et al. Feasibility of a randomized trial of a low-fat diet for the prevention of breast cancer: dietary compliance in the Women's Health Trial Vanguard Study. Preventive Medicine 1990;19(2):115-33. - PubMed
WHT Feasibility 2003 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Bowen D, Clifford CK, Coates R, Evans M, Feng Z, Fouad M, et al. The Women's Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations: design and baseline descriptions. Annals of Epidemiology 1996;6(6):507-19. - PubMed
-
- Hall WD, Feng Z, George VA, Lewis CE, Oberman A, Huber M, et al. Low-fat diet: effect on anthropometrics, blood pressure, glucose, and insulin in older women. Ethnicity and Disease 2003;13(3):337-43. - PubMed
Wilke 1974 {published data only}
-
- Wilke H, Frahm H. Influence of low-caloric-diet and d-triiodothyronine on serum lipids and body weight (author's trans) [Verhalten der serumlipide und des körpergewichts unter reduktionsdiät und medikamentöser behandlung mit d-trijodthyronin]. Medizinische Klinik 1974;69(48):1986-9. - PubMed
Williams 1990 {published data only}
-
- Williams PT, Krauss RM, Vranizan KM, Wood PS. Changes in lipoprotein subfractions during diet-induced and exercise-induced weight loss in moderately overweight men. Circulation 1990;81(4):1293-304. - PubMed
Williams 1992 {published data only}
Williams 1994 {published data only}
Wilmot 1952 {published data only}
-
- Wilmot VA, Swank RL. The influence of low fat diet on blood lipid levels in health and in multiple sclerosis. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 1952;223(1):25-34. - PubMed
Wing 1998 {published data only}
-
- Wing RR, Venditti E, Jakicic JM, Polley BA, Lang W. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21(3):350-9. - PubMed
WINS UK 2011 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Parry BM, Milne JM, Yadegarfar G, Rainsbury RM. Dramatic dietary fat reduction is feasible for breast cancer patients: results of the randomised study, WINS (UK) - stage 1. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 2011;37(10):848-55. - PubMed
WOMAN 2007 {published data only}
Wood 1988 {published data only}
-
- Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Dreon DM, Frey HB, Garay SC, Williams PT, et al. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. New England Journal of Medicine 1988;319(18):1173-9. - PubMed
Woollard 2003 {published data only}
-
- Woollard J, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Verheijden M, Bulsara MK. Effects of a general practice-based intervention on diet, body mass index and blood lipids in patients at cardiovascular risk. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 2003;10(1):31-40. - PubMed
Working Well 1996 {published data only}
Zock 1995 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Zock PL, Mensink RP, Harryvan J, De Vries JH, Katan MB. Fatty acids in serum cholesteryl esters as quantitative biomarkers of dietary intake in humans. American Journal of Epidemiology 1997;145(12):1114-22. - PubMed
-
- Zock PL. Dietary Fatty Acids and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease: Controlled Studies in Healthy Volunteers [PhD thesis]. Wageningen, Netherlands: Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen, 1995.
References to studies awaiting assessment
ICFAMED {published data only}ISRCTN27497769
-
- Lapetra J, Lozano-Rodríguez JM, Caballero-Valderrama MR, Santos-Lozano JM, Ortega-Calvo M, García de la Corte FJ, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean diet on the primary prevention of atrial fibrillation and major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risk: results of ICFAMED study. In: Obesity and Nutrition in the 21st Century. VIII Symposium Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; 2017; Madrid. Madrid: Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, 2017:71.
-
- Lapetra J, Lozano-Rodriguez JM, Miro-Moriano L, Ortega-Calvo M, Santos-Lozano JM, Garcia-Corte FJ, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean diet on the primary prevention of atrial fibrillation and major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risk: results of ICFAMED randomized trial. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2018;48:182‐3.
References to ongoing studies
ENAbLE due unclear {published data only}
-
- English C, Patterson A, MacDonald-Wicks L, Attia J, Callister R, Hillier S, et al. ENAbLE: Secondary prevention of stroke. A physical activity and diet trial protocol. Abstracts Presented at the SMART STROKES 2019 Conference, 8–9 August 2019, Hunter Valley, NSW. International Journal of Stroke 2019;14(1 Suppl):12. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493019858233] - DOI
NCT02481466 due 2020 {published data only}
-
- NCT02481466. The combined portfolio diet and exercise study (PortfolioEx). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02481466 (first posted 25 June 2015).
NCT02938832 due 2023 {published data only}
-
- NCT02938832. Does the advice to eat a Mediterranean diet with low carbohydrate intake, compared with a low-fat diet, reduce diabetes and cardiovascular disease? clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02938832 (first posted 19 October 2016).
NEW Soul Study due 2022 {published data only}
-
- NCT03354377. Nutritious Eating With Soul (The NEW Soul Study). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03354377 (first posted 27 November 2017).
-
- Turner-McGrievy G, Wilcox S, Frongillo EA, Murphy A, Hutto B, Williams K, et al. The Nutritious Eating with Soul (NEW Soul) Study: Study design and methods of a two-year randomized trial comparing culturally adapted soul food vegan vs. omnivorous diets among African American adults at risk for heart disease. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2020;88:105897. - PMC - PubMed
Additional references
4S 1994
-
- Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344(8934):1383-9. - PubMed
Abdelhamid 2018
Abdelhamid 2019
-
- Abdelhamid AS, Hooper L, Sivakaran R, Hayhoe R, Welch AA, PUFAH Group. The relationship between omega-3, omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fat and musculoskeletal health and functional status in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Calcified Tissue International 2019;105(4):353-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00584-3] - DOI - PubMed
Abdelhamid 2020
-
- Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5] [CD003177] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Alonso 2006
-
- Alonso Á, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Martínez-González MÁ. Monounsaturated fatty acids, olive oil and blood pressure: epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence. Public Health Nutrition 2006;9(2):251-7. - PubMed
Astrup 2000
-
- Astrup A, Ryan L, Grunwald GK, Storgaard M, Saris W, Melanson E, et al. The role of dietary fat in body fatness: evidence from a preliminary meta-analysis of ad libitum low-fat dietary intervention studies. British Journal of Nutrition 2000;83(Suppl 1):S25-32. - PubMed
Astrup 2011
Berkley 1995
-
- Berkley CS, Hoaglin DC, Mosteller F, Colditz GA. A random-effects regression model for meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 1995;14(4):395-411. - PubMed
Blann 1995
-
- Blann AD, Jackson P, Bath PM, Watts GF. Von Willebrand factor, a possible indicator of endothelial cell damage, decreases during long-term compliance with a lipid-lowering diet. Journal of Internal Medicine 1995;237(6):557-61. - PubMed
Brainard 2020
-
- Brainard J, Jimoh OF, Deane K, Biswas P, Donaldson D, Maas K, et al. Omega-3, omega-6, and polyunsaturated fat for cognition: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2020;15 April 2020 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.02.022] - DOI - PubMed
Briel 2009
-
- Briel M, Ferreira-Gonzalez I, You JJ, Karanicolas PJ, Akl EA, Wu P, et al. Association between change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. BMJ 2009;338:b92. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b92] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Brown 2019
Brunner 1997
Bucher 1996
-
- Bucher HC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Lang JD, Cook DJ, Hatala R, et al. Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. JAMA 1996;275(13):1016-22. - PubMed
Chalmers 1990
-
- Chalmers I, Adams M, Dickersin K, Hetherington J, Tarnow-Mordi W, Meinert C, et al. A cohort study of summary reports of controlled trials. JAMA 1990;263(10):1401-5. - PubMed
Clarke 1997
Davey Smith 1993
Dayton 1965
-
- Dayton S, Hashimoto S, Rosenblum D, Pearce M. Vitamin E status of humans during prolonged feeding of unsaturated fats. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1965;65(5):739-47. - PubMed
De Caterina 2010
-
- De Caterina R, Scarano M, Marfisi RM, Lucisano G, Palma F, Tatasciore A, et al. Cholesterol-lowering interventions and stroke. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2010;55(3):198-211. - PubMed
Deane 2019
-
- Deane KHO, Jimoh OF, Biswas P, O'Brien A, Hanson S, Abdelhamid AS, et al. Omega-3 and polyunsaturated fat for prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. British Journal of Psychiatry 2019 Oct 24 [E-pub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.234] - DOI - PubMed
Denke 1995
-
- Denke MA. Cholesterol-lowering diets. A review of the evidence. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995;155(1):17-26. - PubMed
Ebrahim 1997
Eckel 2013
-
- Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, De Jesus JM, Houston Miller N, Hubbard VS, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2013;129(25 suppl 2):S76-99. [DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1] - DOI - PubMed
Egger 1997
ESC/EAS 2011
Gofman 1949
-
- Gofman JW, Lindgren FT, Elliott HA. Ultracentrifugal studies of lipoproteins of human serum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1949;179(2):973-9. - PubMed
GRADE 2004
GRADEpro 2015 [Computer program]
-
- McMaster University and Evidence Prime Inc GRADEpro GDT. https://gradepro.org/: McMaster University and Evidence Prime Inc, 2015.
Grundy 2019
-
- Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2019;73(24):e285-350. - PubMed
Hanson 2020
-
- Hanson S, Thorpe G, Winstanley L, Abdelhamid AS, Hooper L, PUFAH Group. Omega-3, omega-6 and total dietary polyunsaturated fat on cancer incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. British Journal of Cancer 2020;122:1260-70. [DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0761-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Harcombe 2015
-
- Harcombe Z, Baker JS, Cooper SM, Davies B, Sculthorpe N, DiNicolantonio JJ, et al. Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977and 1983: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart 2015;2(1):e000196. [DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2014-000196] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hauck 1991
-
- Hauck WW, Gilliss CL, Donner A, Gortner S. Randomisation by cluster. Nursing Research 1991;40(6):356-8. - PubMed
Hegsted 1965
-
- Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, Stare FJ. Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1965;17(5):281-95. - PubMed
Hegsted 2000
-
- Hegsted DM. From chick nutrition to nutrition policy. Annual Review of Nutrition 2000;20:1-19. - PubMed
Hession 2009
-
- Hession M, Rolland C, Kulkarni U, Wise A, Broom J. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities. Obesity Reviews 2009;10(1):36-50. - PubMed
Higgins 2003
Higgins 2011
-
- Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Hooper 2015b
Hooper 2018
Hooper 2019
Howard 2010
Kagan 1974
-
- Kagan A, Harris BR, Winkelstein W Jr, Johnson KG, Kato H, Syme SL, et al. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: demographic, physical, dietary and biochemical characteristics. Journal of Chronic Disease 1974;27(7-8):345-64. - PubMed
Kasim 1993
-
- Kasim SE, Martino S, Kim P-N, Khilnani S, Boomer A, Depper J, et al. Dietary and anthropometric determinants of plasma lipoproteins during a long-term low-fat diet in healthy women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;57(2):146-53. - PubMed
Katan 2010
Keys 1950
-
- Keys A, Mickelsen O, Miller EV, Carleton B. The relation in man between cholesterol levels in the diet and in the blood. Science 1950;112(2899):79-81. - PubMed
Keys 1986
-
- Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina RM, et al. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1986;124(6):903-15. - PubMed
Kodama 2009
Kristal 2005
-
- Kristal AR, Peters U, Potter JD. Is it time to abandon the food frequency questionnaire? Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2005;14(12):2826-8. - PubMed
Law 1991
Law 1994
Lefebvre 2011
-
- Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Lenz 2007
-
- Lenz M, Steckelberg A, Richter B, Mühlhauser I. Meta-analysis does not allow appraisal of complex interventions in diabetes and hypertension self-management: a methodological review. Diabetologia 2007;50(7):1375–83. - PubMed
Lichtenstein 2006
-
- Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006;114(1):82-96. - PubMed
Lopez‐Espinoza 1984
-
- Lopez-Espinoza I, Howard WJ, Mann JI, Carter RD, Hockaday TD. Fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids in non-insulin-dependent diabetics randomized for dietary advice. British Journal of Nutrition 1984;52(1):41-7. - PubMed
Mach 2019
-
- Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2019;290:140-205. - PubMed
Malhotra 2014
-
- Malhotra A, Shafiq N, Arora A, Singh M, Kumar R, Malhotra S. Dietary interventions (plant sterols, stanols, omega-3 fatty acids, soy protein and dietary fibers) for familial hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001918.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Marchioli 1994
-
- Marchioli R, Prieto JC, Tognoni G. Surrogate end-points: the case of trials on coronary atherosclerotic plaque regression. Clinical Trials and Meta-Analyses 1994;29(2-3):139-76. - PubMed
Mensink 1992
-
- Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1992;12(8):911-9. - PubMed
Mensink 2003
-
- Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester ADM, Katan MB. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;77(5):1146-55. - PubMed
Michels 2009
-
- Michels KB, Willett WC. The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial: a post-mortem. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2009;114(1):1-6. - PubMed
Mozaffarian 2010
Ness 1997
-
- Ness AR, Powles JW. Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: a review. International Journal of Epidemiology 1997;26(1):1-13. - PubMed
NHS 2020
-
- NHS. How to eat less saturated fat. www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/eat-less-saturated-fat/ (accessed 11 Feb 2020).
NICE 2014
-
- National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181/resources/guidance-lipid-modification-car... (accessed 29th Dec 2019). - PubMed
O'Gara 2014
-
- O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE Jr, Chung MK, De Lemos JA, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2013;127(4):e362-e425. [DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6 ] - PubMed
Oliver 1953
Oliver 2000
-
- Oliver MF. Pioneer research in Britain into atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease - an historical review. Atherosclerosis 2000;150(1):1-12. - PubMed
Page 2019
-
- Page MJ, Higgins JPT, Sterne JAC. Chapter 13: Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane 2019. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Patterson 2003
-
- Patterson RE, Kristal A, Rodabough R, Caan B, Lillington L, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, et al. Changes in food sources of dietary fat in response to an intensive low-fat dietary intervention: early results from the Women's Health Initiative. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2003;103(4):454-60. - PubMed
Prentice 2007
-
- Prentice RL. Observational studies, clinical trials, and the Women's Health Initiative. Lifetime Data Analysis 2007;13(4):449-62. - PubMed
Rees 2013
Rimm 1996
Robertson 1977
-
- Robertson TL, Kato H, Rhoads GG, Kagan A, Marmot M, Syme SL, et al. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Incidence of myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease. American Journal of Cardiology 1977;39(2):239-43. - PubMed
Robinson 2009
-
- Robinson JG, Wang S, Smith BJ, Jacobson TA. Meta-analysis of the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009;53(4):316-22. - PubMed
Rubins 1995
-
- Rubins HB. Cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease: how low should we go? Journal of General Internal Medicine 1995;10(8):464-71. - PubMed
Ryle 1949
SACN 2019
-
- Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Saturated fat and health. www.gov.uk/government/publications/saturated-fats-and-health-sacn-report (accessed prior to 30 April 2020).
Savovic 2012
-
- Savovic J, Jones H, Altman D, Harris R, Jüni P, Pildal J, et al. Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomised controlled trials: combined analysis of meta-epidemiological studies. Health Technology Assessment 2012;16:1-82. - PubMed
Scarborough 2010
-
- Scarborough P, Rayner M, Van Dis I, Norum K. Meta-analysis of effect of saturated fat intake on cardiovascular disease: overadjustment obscures true associations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;92(2):458-9; author reply 459. - PubMed
Schatzkin 2003
-
- Schatzkin A, Kipnis V, Carroll RJ, Midthune D, Subar AF, Bingham S, et al. A comparison of a food frequency questionnaire with a 24-hour recall for use in an epidemiological cohort study: results from the biomarker-based Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) Study. International Journal of Epidemiology 2003;32(6):1054-62. - PubMed
Schulz 1995
-
- Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;273(5):408-12. - PubMed
Schwab 2014
-
- Schwab U, Lauritzen L, Tholstrup T, Haldorssoni T, Riserus U, Uusitupa M, et al. Effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on cardiometabolic risk factors and risk of developing type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: a systematic review. Food & Nutrition Research 2014;58:25145. [DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v58.25145] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shah 2007
-
- Shah M, Adams-Huet B, Garg A. Effect of high-carbohydrate or high-cis-monounsaturated fat diets on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of intervention trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85(5):1251-6. - PubMed
Sharp 1998
-
- Sharp S. Meta-analysis regression. Stata Technical Bulletin 1998;42:16-22.
Sheppherd 2009
SIGN 1996
-
- Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of obesity (national guideline). https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-115-management-of-obesity (accessed prior to 30 April 2020);115.
Siri‐Tarino 2010
Skeaff 2009
-
- Skeaff CM, Miller J. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: summary of evidence from prospective cohort and randomised controlled trials. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2009;55(1-3):173-201. - PubMed
Stamler 2010
-
- Stamler J. Diet-heart: a problematic revisit. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;91(3):497-9. - PubMed
Stein 2006
-
- Stein K. After the media feeding frenzy: whither the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2006;106(6):794-800. - PubMed
Sterne 2001
-
- Sterne JA, Bradburn MJ, Egger M. Meta-analysis in STATA. In: Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG, editors(s). Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-analysis in Context. London: BMJ Books, 2001.
Sterne 2009
-
- Sterne JA. Meta-Analysis in Stata: an Updated Collection from the Stata Journal. Texas, USA: STATA Press, 2009.
Thorogood 1996
-
- Thorogood M. Nutrition. In: Lawrence M, Neil A, Mant D, Fowler G, editors(s). Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: an Evidence-Based Approach. Kings Lynn: Oxford University Press, 1996:54-66.
Walsh 1995
-
- Walsh JME, Grady D. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia in women. JAMA 1995;274(14):1152-8. - PubMed
Weggemans 2001
-
- Weggemans RM, Zock PL, Katan MB. Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;73(5):885-91. - PubMed
Wood 2008
Yngve 2006
-
- Yngve A, Hambraeus L, Lissner L, Serra Majem L, Vaz de Almeida MD, Berg C, et al. Invited Commentary. The Women's Health Initiative. What is on trial: nutrition and chronic disease? Or misinterpreted science, media havoc and the sound of silence from peers. Public Health Nutrition 2006;9(2):269-72. - PubMed
Yu‐Poth 1999
-
- Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnalagadda S, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69(4):632-46. - PubMed
References to other published versions of this review
Hooper 2000
Hooper 2001
Hooper 2011
Hooper 2012
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Associated data
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical
