Clinical Features of Parkinson's Disease: The Evolution of Critical Symptoms

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multi-attribute neurodegenerative disorder combining motor and nonmotor symptoms without well-defined diagnostic clinical markers. The presence of primary motor features (bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity and loss of postural reflexes) are the most characteristic signs of PD that are also utilized to identify patients in current clinical practice. The successful implementation of levodopa treatment revealed that nonmotor features are the main contributors of patient disability in PD, and their occurrence might be earlier than motor symptoms during disease progression. Targeted detection of prodromal PD symptoms can open up new possibilities in the identification of PD patients and provide potential patient populations for developing novel neuroprotective therapies. In this review, the evolution of critical features in PD diagnosis is described with special attention to nonmotor symptoms and their possible detection.

Keywords: Lewy body; Parkinson’s disease; clinical criteria; neurodegeneration; oxidative stress.

Figure 1

The diverse nature of nonmotor symptoms affecting Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients.

Figure 2

Timeline of clinical signs expressed throughout PD.