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. 2020 May 20;17(10):3579.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103579.

Farmers' Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Abuse in Commercial Pig Production, Ogun State, Nigeria

Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale  1 , Folashade Adefunke Adeyemo  1 , Noah Bankole  2 , Mary Olasoju  1 , Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan  3 , Olubunmi Fasanmi  4 , Olanike Adeyemo  3 , Olajoju Awoyomi  1 , Olugbenga Kehinde  1 , Folorunso Oludayo Fasina  5   6
Affiliations

Farmers' Perceptions and Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Abuse in Commercial Pig Production, Ogun State, Nigeria

Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans has been linked to non-judicious antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animals. To develop antimicrobial stewardship plans (AMSPs) for pig farmers, there is the need to understand the current status of AMU and the driving factors in the industry. Data on AMU, farmers' perceptions of associated drivers, and biosecurity were collected through a mixed-method study design with focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaire-based interviews. Antimicrobials (AMs) were mainly used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Common AMs used were tetracycline (78.8%), gentamycin (53.8%), and tylosin (52.5%). Perceived drivers of AMU were linked to economic benefits, farmers' previous experiences, sick animals, expensive veterinary services, easy accessibility to over-the-counter drugs, poor farm practices, and poor disease prevention strategies. AMU was poor (average 40.2%), while knowledge on AMs and implications for animal and human health was considered averagely satisfactory (56.4%). The biosecurity level was also satisfactory (53.0%) and significantly associated with having a written farm health plan (p = 0.035). Good AMU was found to be strongly associated with farmers' use of veterinary services (p = 0.001). Diverse factors drive antimicrobial use among pig farmers in Ogun State, and these could be addressed by providing continuing education on antimicrobial stewardship and best farm practices.

Keywords: antimicrobial stewardship; antimicrobial use; drivers/risk factors; perceptions; pig farmers.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Spatial distribution of local government areas covered in Ogun State.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A thematic map showing perceptions of pig farmers that participated in the focus group discussions (FGDs) on antimicrobial use (AMU) and practices, drivers for overdependence on AMU, and challenges confronting pig production in Ogun State. AM: antimicrobial.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Common diseases self–reported by respondents during the survey. FMD: foot-and-mouth disease; ASF: African swine fever.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Common antimicrobials used by farmers and disease control regimens. (a) Self-reported AMs used by respondents in the treatment of pig diseases; (b) Various disease control regimens employed by pig farmers who participated in the survey.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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