Epigenetics in Health and Disease

Abstract

Epigenetic mechanisms, which include DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA (miRNA), can produce heritable phenotypic changes without a change in DNA sequence. Disruption of gene expression patterns which are governed by epigenetics can result in autoimmune diseases, cancers, and various other maladies. Mechanisms of epigenetics include DNA methylation (and demethylation), histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs. Compared to numerous studies that have focused on the field of genetics, research on epigenetics is fairly recent. In contrast to genetic changes, which are difficult to reverse, epigenetic aberrations can be pharmaceutically reversible. The emerging tools of epigenetics can be used as preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic markers. With the development of drugs that target the specific epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression, development and utilization of epigenetic tools are an appropriate and effective approach that can be clinically applied to the treatment of various diseases.

Keywords: Checkpoints; Cytokines; DNA methylation; Histone modification; Immune dysfunction; Signaling pathways; miRNA.