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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 May 25;5(5):CD008552.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008552.pub7.

Interventions for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children aged five years and under

Rebecca K Hodder  1   2   3   4 , Kate M O'Brien  1   2   3   4 , Flora Tzelepis  2   3   4 , Rebecca J Wyse  2   3   4 , Luke Wolfenden  1   2   3   4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children aged five years and under

Rebecca K Hodder et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables in childhood increases the risk of future non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Testing the effects of interventions to increase consumption of fruit and vegetables, including those focused on specific child-feeding strategies or broader multicomponent interventions targeting the home or childcare environment is required to assess the potential to reduce this disease burden.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness, cost effectiveness and associated adverse events of interventions designed to increase the consumption of fruit, vegetables or both amongst children aged five years and under.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and two clinical trials registries to identify eligible trials on 25 January 2020. We searched Proquest Dissertations and Theses in November 2019. We reviewed reference lists of included trials and handsearched three international nutrition journals. We contacted authors of included trials to identify further potentially relevant trials.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials, including cluster-randomised controlled trials and cross-over trials, of any intervention primarily targeting consumption of fruit, vegetables or both among children aged five years and under, and incorporating a dietary or biochemical assessment of fruit or vegetable consumption. Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts of identified papers; a third review author resolved disagreements.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risks of bias of included trials; a third review author resolved disagreements. Due to unexplained heterogeneity, we used random-effects models in meta-analyses for the primary review outcomes where we identified sufficient trials. We calculated standardised mean differences (SMDs) to account for the heterogeneity of fruit and vegetable consumption measures. We conducted assessments of risks of bias and evaluated the quality of evidence (GRADE approach) using Cochrane procedures.

Main results: We included 80 trials with 218 trial arms and 12,965 participants. Fifty trials examined the impact of child-feeding practices (e.g. repeated food exposure) in increasing child vegetable intake. Fifteen trials examined the impact of parent nutrition education only in increasing child fruit and vegetable intake. Fourteen trials examined the impact of multicomponent interventions (e.g. parent nutrition education and preschool policy changes) in increasing child fruit and vegetable intake. Two trials examined the effect of a nutrition education intervention delivered to children in increasing child fruit and vegetable intake. One trial examined the impact of a child-focused mindfulness intervention in increasing vegetable intake. We judged 23 of the 80 included trials as free from high risks of bias across all domains. Performance, detection and attrition bias were the most common domains judged at high risk of bias for the remaining trials. There is low-quality evidence that child-feeding practices versus no intervention may have a small positive effect on child vegetable consumption, equivalent to an increase of 5.30 grams as-desired consumption of vegetables (SMD 0.50, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.71; 19 trials, 2140 participants; mean post-intervention follow-up = 8.3 weeks). Multicomponent interventions versus no intervention has a small effect on child consumption of fruit and vegetables (SMD 0.32, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.55; 9 trials, 2961 participants; moderate-quality evidence; mean post-intervention follow-up = 5.4 weeks), equivalent to an increase of 0.34 cups of fruit and vegetables a day. It is uncertain whether there are any short-term differences in child consumption of fruit and vegetables in meta-analyses of trials examining parent nutrition education versus no intervention (SMD 0.13, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.28; 11 trials, 3050 participants; very low-quality evidence; mean post-intervention follow-up = 13.2 weeks). We were unable to pool child nutrition education interventions in meta-analysis; both trials reported a positive intervention effect on child consumption of fruit and vegetables (low-quality evidence). Very few trials reported long-term effectiveness (6 trials), cost effectiveness (1 trial) or unintended adverse consequences of interventions (2 trials), limiting our ability to assess these outcomes. Trials reported receiving governmental or charitable funds, except for four trials reporting industry funding.

Authors' conclusions: Despite identifying 80 eligible trials of various intervention approaches, the evidence for how to increase children's fruit and vegetable consumption remains limited in terms of quality of evidence and magnitude of effect. Of the types of interventions identified, there was moderate-quality evidence that multicomponent interventions probably lead to, and low-quality evidence that child-feeding practice may lead to, only small increases in fruit and vegetable consumption in children aged five years and under. It is uncertain whether parent nutrition education or child nutrition education interventions alone are effective in increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children aged five years and under. Our confidence in effect estimates for all intervention approaches, with the exception of multicomponent interventions, is limited on the basis of the very low to low-quality evidence. Long-term follow-up of at least 12 months is required and future research should adopt more rigorous methods to advance the field. This is a living systematic review. Living systematic reviews offer a new approach to review updating, in which the review is continually updated, incorporating relevant new evidence as it becomes available. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the current status of this review.

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Conflict of interest statement

Rebecca K Hodder: none known

Kate M O'Brien: none known Flora Tzelepis: none known

Rebecca J Wyse: is an author on an included randomised trial of an intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption (Wyse 2012); she was not involved in the determination of trial eligibility, data extraction or 'Risk of bias' assessment for Wyse 2012. Otherwise, the author declares no known conflicts of interest. She has not received any benefit, in cash or kind, any hospitality, or any subsidy derived from the food industry or any other source perceived to have an interest in the outcome of the review.

Luke Wolfenden: is an author on an included randomised trial of an intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption (Wyse 2012); he was not involved in the determination of trial eligibility, data extraction or 'Risk of bias' assessment for Wyse 2012. Otherwise, the author declares no known conflicts of interest. He has not received any benefit, in cash or kind, any hospitality, or any subsidy derived from the food industry or any other source perceived to have an interest in the outcome of the review.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
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4
Funnel plot of comparison 1. Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no intervention on child consumption of target fruit or vegetable, outcome 1.1, fruit and/or vegetable intake
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Funnel plot of comparison 3. Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus usual care, outcome 3.1, fruit and/or vegetable intake
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Funnel plot of comparison 4. Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus usual care, outcome 4.1, fruit and/or vegetable intake
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 1: Vegetable intake
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 2: Vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ risk of bias
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 3: Vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ primary outcome
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 4: Vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ missing data
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 5: Vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ modality
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 6: Vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ setting
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 7: Vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ age
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 1: Fruit and vegetable intake
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 2: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ primary outcome
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 3: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ missing data
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 4: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ modality
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 5: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ setting
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 6: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ age
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 1: Fruit and vegetable intake
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 2: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ primary outcome
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 3: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ missing data
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 4: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ modality
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no intervention, Outcome 5: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ setting
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Farrow 2019 {published data only}
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Fildes 2014 {published data only}
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Fisher 2012 {published data only}
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Martinez‐Andrade 2014 {published data only}
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    1. Nicklas T, Lopez S, Liu Y, Saab R, Reiher R. Motivational theater to increase consumption of vegetable dishes by preschool children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2017;14(1):16. - PMC - PubMed
O'Connell 2012 {published data only}
    1. O'Connell ML, Henderson KE, Luedicke J, Schwartz MB. Repeated exposure in a natural setting: a preschool intervention to increase vegetable consumption. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics 2012;112(2):230-234. - PubMed
Owen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Houston-Price C, Owen LH, Kennedy OB, Hill C. Parents' experiences of introducing toddlers to fruits and vegetables through repeated exposure, with and without prior visual familiarization to foods: evidence from daily diaries. Food Quality and Preference 2019;71:291-300.
    1. Owen LH, Houston-Price C, Hill C, Kennedy OB. Peas, please! Food familiarization through picture books helps parents introduce vegetables into preschoolers’ diets. Appetite 2018;128:32-43. - PubMed
Remington 2012 {published data only}
    1. Remington A, Añez E, Croker H, Wardle J, Cooke L. Increasing food acceptance in the home setting: a randomized controlled trial of parent-administered taste exposure with incentives. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;95(1):72-77. - PubMed
    1. Remington AM, Anez EV, Cooke LJ, Wardle J. Tiny tastes. A home based intervention promoting acceptance of disliked vegetables. Appetite 2011;57:S35-36.
Remy 2013 {published data only}
    1. Remy E, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Nicklaus S. Repeated exposure of infants at complementary feeding to a vegetable puree increases acceptance as effectively as flavor-flavor learning and more effectively than flavor-nutrient learning. Journal of Nutrition 2013;143(7):1194-1200. - PubMed
Roe 2013 {published data only}
    1. Roe LS, Meengs JS, Birch LL, Rolls BJ. Serving a variety of vegetables and fruit as a snack increased intake in preschool children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;98(3):693-699. - PMC - PubMed
Roset‐Salla 2016 {published data only}
    1. Roset-Salla M, Ramon-Cabot J, Salabarnada-Torras J, Pera Guillem Dalmau A. Educational intervention to improve adherence to the Mediterranean diet among parents and their children aged 1–2 years. EniM clinical trial. Public Health Nutrition 2016;19(06):1131-1144. - PMC - PubMed
Savage 2012 {published data only}
    1. Savage JS, Fisher JO, Marini M, Birch LL. Serving smaller age-appropriate entree portions to children aged 3-5 y increases fruit and vegetable intake and reduces energy density and energy intake at lunch. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;95:335-341. - PubMed
Segura‐Perez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Segura-Perez S, Damio G, Perez-Escamilla R. Improving access to fresh fruit and vegetables among low income families in the USA: the neat trial. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017;71:841.
    1. Segura-Perez S, Perez-Escamilla R, Damio G. Improving access to fresh fruit and vegetables among inner-city residents: the NEAT trial. FASEB Journal 2017;31:No pagination.
Sherwood 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sherwood NE, JaKa MM, Crain AL, Martinson BC, Hayes MG, Anderson JD. Pediatric primary care-based obesity prevention for parents of preschool children: a pilot study. Childhood Obesity (Print) 2015;11(6):674-682. - PMC - PubMed
Skouteris 2015 {published data only}
    1. Skouteris H, Hill B, McCabe M, Swinburn B, Busija L. A parent-based intervention to promote healthy eating and active behaviours in pre-school children: evaluation of the MEND 2-4 randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Obesity 2015;11(1):4-10. - PubMed
    1. Skouteris H, McCabe M, Swinburn B, Hill B. Healthy eating and obesity prevention for preschoolers: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2010;10:220. - PMC - PubMed
Smith 2017 {published data only}
    1. Smith E, Sutarso T, Kaye GL. Access With Education Improves Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Preschool Children. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2019;05:05. - PubMed
    1. Smith E. The Effects of Access and Education on Preschool Children's Fruit and Vegetable Intake [Dissertation]. Vol. 10626889. The Ohio State University, 2017.
Spill 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Spill MK, Birch LL, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Eating vegetables first: the use of portion size to increase vegetable intake in preschool children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;91(5):1237-43. - PMC - PubMed
Spill 2011a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Spill MK, Birch LL, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Hiding vegetables to reduce energy density: an effective strategy to increase children's vegetable intake and reduce energy intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;94(3):735-41. - PMC - PubMed
Spill 2011b {published and unpublished data}
    1. Spill MK, Birch LL, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Serving large portions of vegetable soup at the start of a meal affected children's energy and vegetable intake. Appetite 2011;57(1):213-9. - PMC - PubMed
Staiano 2016 {published data only}
    1. Staiano AE, Marker AM, Frelier JM, Hsia DS, Martin CK. Influence of screen-based peer modeling on preschool children's vegetable consumption and preferences. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2016;48(5):331-5.e1. - PMC - PubMed
Sullivan 1994 {published data only}
    1. Sullivan SA, Birch LL. Infant dietary experience and acceptance of solid foods. Pediatrics 1994;93(2):271-7. - PubMed
Tabak 2012 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Erratum... Tabak et al. Family ties to health program: a randomized intervention to improve vegetable intake in children. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behaviour, 2012 Mar/Apr 44(2):166-71. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2014;46:202. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tabak RG, Tate DF, Stevens J, Siega-Riz AM, Ward DS. Family ties to health program: a randomized intervention to improve vegetable intake in children. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2012;44(2):166-71. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tabak RG, Tate DF, Stevens J, Siega-Riz AM, Ward DS. Family ties to health study: a randomized intervention to improve vegetable intake in children. Obesity 2011;19:S109. - PMC - PubMed
Vazir 2013 {published data only}
    1. Vazir S, Engle P, Balakrishna N, Griffiths PL, Johnson SL, Creed-Kanashiro H, et al. Cluster-randomized trial on complementary and responsive feeding education to caregivers found improved dietary intake, growth and development among rural Indian toddlers. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2013;9(1):99-117. - PMC - PubMed
Verbestel 2014 {published data only}
    1. Verbestel V, De Coen V, Van Winckel M, Huybrechts I, Maes L, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Prevention of overweight in children younger than 2 years old: a pilot cluster-randomized controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition 2014;17(6):1384-92. - PMC - PubMed
Vereecken 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vereecken C, Huybrechts I, Van Houte H, Martens V, Wittebroodt I, Maes L. Results from a dietary intervention study in preschools "Beastly Healthy at School". International Journal of Public Health 2009;54(3):142-9. - PubMed
Wardle 2003a {published data only}
    1. Wardle J, Cooke LJ, Gibson EL, Sapochnik M, Sheiman A, Lawson M. Increasing children's acceptance of vegetables; a randomized trial of parent-led exposure. Appetite 2003;40(2):155-62. - PubMed
Watt 2009 {published data only}
    1. Scheiwe A, Hardy R, Watt RG. Four-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of a social support intervention on infant feeding practices. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2010;6(4):328-37. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Watt RG, Tull KI, Wiggins M, Kelly Y, Molloy B, Dowler E, et al. Effectiveness of a social support intervention of infant feeding practices: randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2009;63(2):156-62. - PubMed
Williams 2014 {published data only}
    1. Williams PA, Cates SC, Blitstein JL, Hersey J, Gabor V, Ball M, et al. Nutrition-education program improves preschoolers' at-home diet: a group randomized trial. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2014;114(7):1001-8. - PubMed
Witt 2012 {published data only}
    1. Witt KE, Dunn C. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among preschoolers: evaluation of color me healthy. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012;44(2):107-13. - PubMed
Wyse 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wolfenden L, Wyse R, Campbell E, Brennan L, Campbell KJ, Fletcher A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a telephone-based intervention for child fruit and vegetable intake: long-term follow-up. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;99(3):543-50. - PubMed
    1. Wyse R, Wolfenden L, Bisquera A. Characteristics of the home food environment that mediate immediate and sustained increases in child fruit and vegetable consumption: mediation analysis from the Healthy Habits cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2015;12:118. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wyse R, Wolfenden L, Campbell E, Campbell K, Brennan L, Fletcher A, et al. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in 3- 5 year old children: results from a cluster randomised controlled trial of a telephone-based parent intervention, Hunter region, NSW, Australia. Obesity Reviews 2011;12:68.
    1. Wyse R, Wolfenden L, Campbell E, Campbell KJ, Wiggers J, Brennan L, et al. A cluster randomized controlled trial of a telephone-based parent intervention to increase preschoolers' fruit and vegetable consumption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;96(1):102-10. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wyse RJ, Wolfenden L, Campbell E, Brennan L, Campbell KJ, Fletcher A, et al. A cluster randomised trial of a telephone-based intervention for parents to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in their 3- to 5-year-old children: study protocol. BMC Public Health 2010;10:216. - PMC - PubMed
Zeinstra 2017 {published data only}
    1. Zeinstra GG, Kremer S, Kooijman V. My idol eats carrots, so do I? The delayed effect of a classroom-based intervention on 4–6-year-old children’s intake of a familiar vegetable. Food Quality and Preference 2017;62:352-9.
Zeinstra 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zeinstra GG, Vrijhof M, Kremer S. Is repeated exposure the holy grail for increasing children's vegetable intake? Lessons learned from a Dutch childcare intervention using various vegetable preparations. Appetite 2018;121:316-25. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aass 2018 {published data only}
    1. Aass J. Play with your vegetables! Can playful eating utensils increase children's vegetable consumption in shared kindergarten meals? [Thesis]. OsloMet-storbyuniversitetet. Institutt for sykepleie og helsefremmende arbeid, 2018.
Aboud 2008 {published data only}
    1. Aboud FE, Moore AC, Akhter S. Effectiveness of a community-based responsive feeding programme in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomized field trial. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2008;4(4):275-86. - PMC - PubMed
Adams 2011 {published data only}
    1. Adams A, LaRowe T, Cronin KA, Prince RJ, Jobe JB. Healthy children, strong families: results of a randomized trial of obesity prevention for preschool American Indian children and their families. Obesity 2011;19:S110.
    1. Adams AK, LaRowe TL, Cronin KA, Prince RJ, Wubben DP, Parker T, et al. The healthy children, strong families intervention: design and community participation. Journal of Primary Prevention 2012;33(4):175-85. - PMC - PubMed
Adams 2019 {published data only}
    1. Adams MA, Bruening M, Ohri-Vachaspati P. Use of salad bars in schools to increase fruit and vegetable consumption: where's the evidence? Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2015;115(8):1233-6. - PubMed
    1. Adams MA, Ohri-Vachaspati P, Richards TJ, Todd M, Bruening M. Design and rationale for evaluating salad bars and students’ fruit and vegetable consumption: a cluster randomized factorial trial with objective assessments. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2019;77:37-45. - PMC - PubMed
Agrawal 2012 {published data only}
    1. Agrawal T, Hoffman JA, Ahl M, Bhaumik U, Healey C, Carter S, et al. Collaborating for impact: a multilevel early childhood obesity prevention initiative. Family & Community Health 2012;35:192-202. - PubMed
Ahearn 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ahearn WH, Kerwin ME, Eicher PS, Lukens CT. An ABAC comparison of two intensive interventions for food refusal. Behavior Modification 2001;25(3):385-405. - PubMed
Ahern 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ahern SM, Caton SJ, Blundell P, Hetherington MM. The root of the problem: increasing root vegetable intake in preschool children by repeated exposure and flavour flavour learning. Appetite 2014;80:154-60. - PubMed
Ajie 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ajie W. Totally veggies. Journal of Nutrition, Education and Behavior 2016;48(10):753.
Aktac 2019 {published data only}
    1. Aktac S, Kiziltan G, Avci S. The effect of family participation in nutrition education intervention on the nutritional status of preschool age children. Egitim Ve Bilim-Education and Science 2019;44(199):415-31.
Al Bashabsheh 2016 {published data only}
    1. Al Bashabsheh Z, Al Bashabsheh Z, Kidd T. Evaluating the effectiveness of nutrition education for WIC service clients in Manhattan, Kansas. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2016;48(7):S18.
Alcazar 2017 {published data only}
    1. Alcazar L, Raber M, Lopez K, Markham C, Sharma S. Examining the impact of a school-based fruit and vegetable co-op in the Hispanic community through documentary photography. Appetite 2017;116:115-22. - PubMed
Alford 1971 {published data only}
    1. Alford BB, Tibbets MH. Education increases consumption of vegetables by children. Journal of Nutrition Education 1971;3(7):12-4.
Amin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Amin S, Stickle T, Eriksen H, Johnson RK. Nudging pre-school children's fruit and vegetable consumption during afternoon snack time using older child mentors from the Live Y'ers Afterschool Program. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2016;116(9):A25.
Amsel 2019 {published data only}
    1. Amsel P, Trude A, Castelo R, Ezeonyebuchi C, Black M. Preschoolers are more likely to eat foods they know: a cross-sectional analysis of willingness to try new foods and children's food knowledge. Current Developments in Nutrition 2019;3(Suppl 1):No pagination.
Anderson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Anderson LM, Symoniak ED, Epstein LH. A randomized pilot trial of an integrated school-worksite weight control program. Health Psychology 2014;33(11):1421-5. - PubMed
Anez 2013 {published data only}
    1. Anez E, Remington A, Wardle J, Cooke L. The impact of instrumental feeding on children's responses to taste exposure. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2013;26(5):415-20. - PubMed
Ang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ang I, Trent R, Gray HL, Wolf R, Koch P, Contento I. Comparison of school lunch cut fruit and whole fruit consumption in a naturalistic elementary school cafeteria setting. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2016;48(7):S14.
Anliker 1993 {published data only}
    1. Anliker JA, Drake LT, Pacholski J, Little W. Impacts of a multi-layered nutrition education program: teenagers teaching children. Journal of Nutrition Education 1993;25(3):140-3.
Anonymous 2001 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Some children baffled by satsumas. Nursing Times 2001;97:5-5.
Anonymous 2002 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Welfare food scheme to be extended. RCM Midwives 2002;5:404.
Anonymous 2007 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Effective dietary interventions for overweight and obese children. Australian Nursing Journal (July 1993) 2007;14:31-4. - PubMed
Anonymous 2009 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Web campaign invites children to get involved with healthy eating. Paediatric Nursing 2009;21:5-5.
Anonymous 2011a {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Postscripts. Nutrition Health Review: The Consumer's Medical Journal 2011:20.
Anonymous 2011b {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Target parents to prevent obesity. Australian Nursing Journal 2011;18:35. - PubMed
Anonymous 2012 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. European Congress on Obesity, ECO2012. Obesity Facts 2012;5. - PubMed
Anonymous 2019a {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Denmark: School fruit causes more children to gnaw apples, pears and carrots during school hours. MENA Report 2019:No pagination.
Anonymous 2019b {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Foodstuffs: vegetables for preschool educational institutions and Berlovo Secondary School I-ii centuries. MENA Report 2019;n/a:No pagination.
Anonymous 2019c {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Clinical trial: family and web-based nutrition intervention to increase vegetable, fruit, and dairy intakes in children. US Federal News Service, Including US State News 2019.
Anonymous 2019d {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Study finds variation of lead uptake in fruits, veggies; risk highest for children. Newstex 2019:No pagination.
Anstrom 2017 {published data only}
    1. Anstrom C, Kimberlin D, Sunnarborg K, Albrecht K, Fosdal R, Brown K, et al. Parents and teachers acting as change agents: the influence of nutritional knowledge to support the development of healthy behaviors in children in rural Appalachia. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2017;117(9):A91.
Anton‐Păduraru {published data only}
    1. Anton-Păduraru DT, Bunea E, Druică A, Bocec AS. The role of nutritional education in preschoolers. Revista Societăţii Române de Chirurgie Pediatrică Unknown;Unknown:47.
Anzman‐Frasca 2018 {published data only}
    1. Anzman-Frasca S, Braun AC, Ehrenberg S, Epstein LH, Gampp A, Leone LA, et al. Effects of a randomized intervention promoting healthy children's meals on children's ordering and dietary intake in a quick-service restaurant. Physiology & Behavior 2018;192:109-17. - PubMed
Apatu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Apatu E, Sealey-Potts C, Diersing J. Cooking classes: are they effective nutrition interventions in low-income settings? Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2016;48(7):S9.
Aranceta‐Bartrina 2016 {published data only}
    1. Aranceta-Bartrina J, Perez-Rodrigo C. Determinants of childhood obesity: ANIBES study. Nutricion Hospitalaria 2016;33(Suppl 4):339. - PubMed
Arlinghaus 2018 {published data only}
    1. Arlinghaus KR, Vollrath K, Hernandez DC, Momin SR, O'Connor TM, Power TG, et al. Authoritative parent feeding style is associated with better child dietary quality at dinner among low-income minority families. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018;30:30. - PMC - PubMed
Armstrong 2019 {published data only}
    1. Armstrong B, Trude AC, Johnson C, Castelo RJ, Zemanick A, Haber-Sage S, et al. CHAMP: A cluster randomized-control trial to prevent obesity in child care centers. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2019;86:No pagination. - PMC - PubMed
Arredondo 2018 {published data only}
    1. Arredondo EM, Ayala GX, Soto S, Slymen DJ, Horton LA, Parada H, et al. Latina mothers as agents of change in children's eating habits: findings from the randomized controlled trial Entre Familia: Reflejos de Salud. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2018;15:95. - PMC - PubMed
Arrow 2013 {published data only}
    1. Arrow P, Raheb J, Miller M. Brief oral health promotion intervention among parents of young children to reduce early childhood dental decay. BMC Public Health 2013;13:245. - PMC - PubMed
Askelson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Askelson NM, Golembiewski EH, Baquero B, Momany ET, Friberg J, Montgomery D. The importance of matching the evaluation population to the intervention population: using Medicaid data to reach hard-to-reach intervention populations. Evaluation and Program Planning 2017;60:64-71. - PubMed
Au 2015a {published data only}
    1. Au LE, Rosen NJ, Ritchie LD. Does eating school meals make a difference in overall diet quality? a comparison study of elementary school students. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2015;115(9):A16.
Au 2015b {published data only}
    1. Au L, Whaley S, Rosen N, Meza M, Ritchie L. A randomized controlled trial evaluating online to in person education to improve breakfast behaviors, beliefs and knowledge in WIC participants. FASEB Journal. Conference: Experimental Biology Meeting Abstracts 2015;29(1):264.3.
    1. Au LE, Whaley S, Rosen NJ, Meza M, Ritchie LD. Online and in-person nutrition education improves breakfast knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors: a randomized trial of participants in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2016;116(3):490-500. - PubMed
Au 2016 {published data only}
    1. Au LE, Rosen NJ, Fenton K, et al. Eating school lunch Is associated with higher diet quality among elementary school students. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2016;116(11):1817-24. - PubMed
Au 2019 {published data only}
    1. Au LE, Paolicelli C, Gurzo K, Ritchie LD, Weinfield NS, Plank KR, et al. Contribution of WIC-eligible foods to the overall diet of 13- and 24-month-old toddlers in the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2019;119(3):435-48. - PubMed
Azevedo 2019 {published data only}
    1. Azevedo J, Padrão P, Gregório MJ, Almeida C, Moutinho N, Lien N, et al. A web-based gamification program to improve nutrition literacy in families of 3- to 5-year-old children: the Nutriscience Project. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(3):326-34. - PubMed
Bai 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bai Y, Suriano L, Wunderlich S. Veggiecation for the love of vegetables. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012;44(4 Supplement):S23-4. - PubMed
Bakke 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bakke AJ, Stubbs CA, McDowell EH, Moding KJ, Johnson SL, Hayes JE. Mary Poppins was right: adding small amounts of sugar or salt reduces the bitterness of vegetables. Appetite 2018;126:90-101. - PubMed
Bannon 2006 {published data only}
    1. Bannon K, Schwartz MB. Impact of nutrition messages on children's food choice: pilot study. Appetite 2006;46:124-9. - PubMed
Bante 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bante H, Elliott M, Harrod A, Haire-Joshu D. The use of inappropriate feeding practices by rural parents and their effect on preschoolers' fruit and vegetable preferences and intake. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2008;40(1):28-33. - PubMed
Baranowski 2002 {published data only}
    1. Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Cullen KW, DeMoor C, Rittenberry L, Hebert D, et al. 5 a day achievement badge for African-American boy scouts: pilot outcome results. Preventive Medicine 2002;34(3):353-63. - PubMed
Barkin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Barkin SL, Gesell SB, Po'e EK, Escarfuller J, Tempesti T. Culturally tailored, family-centered, behavioral obesity intervention for Latino-American preschool-aged children. Pediatrics 2012;130(3):445-56. - PMC - PubMed
Baxter 1998 {published data only}
    1. Baxter SD. Are elementary schools teaching children to prefer candy but not vegetables? Journal of School Health 1998;68(3):111-3. - PubMed
Bayer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bayer O, Van Kries R, Strauss A, Mitschek C, Toschke AM, Hose A, et al. Short- and mid-term effects of a setting based prevention program to reduce obesity risk factors in children: a cluster-randomized trial. Clinical Nutrition 2009;28:122-8. - PubMed
    1. Strauss A, Herbert B, Mitschek C, Duvinage K, Koletzko B. TigerKids. Successful health promotion in preschool settings. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 2011;54(3):322-9. - PubMed
Bean 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bean MK, Brady Spalding B, Theriault E, Dransfield K-B, Sova A, Dunne Stewart M. Salad bars increased selection and decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables 1 month after installation in Title I elementary schools: a plate waste study. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2018;50(6):589-97. - PMC - PubMed
Beasley 2012 {published data only}
    1. Beasley N, Sharma S, Shegog R, Huber R, Abernathy P, Smith C, et al. The Quest to Lava Mountain: using video games for dietary change in children. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2012;112(9):1334-6. - PubMed
Beets 2016 {published data only}
    1. Beets MW, Brazendale K, Weaver RG, Turner-McGrievy GM, Huberty J, Moore JB, et al. Economic evaluation of a group randomized controlled trial on healthy eating and physical activity in afterschool programs. Preventive Medicine 2017;106:60-5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Beets MW, Turner-McGrievy B, Weaver RG, Huberty J, Moore JB, Ward DS, et al. Intervention leads to improvements in the nutrient profile of snacks served in afterschool programs: a group randomized controlled trial. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2016;6(3):329-38. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Beets MW, Weaver RG, Turner-McGrievy G, Huberty J, Ward DS, Freedman D, et al. Making healthy eating policy practice: a group randomized controlled trial on changes in snack quality, costs, and consumption in after-school programs. American Journal of Health Promotion 2016;30(7):521-31. - PMC - PubMed
Beinert 2017 {published data only}
    1. Beinert C, Hernes S, Haugen M, Øverby NC. No long-term effect of a 2-days intervention on how to prepare homemade food, on toddlers' skepticism for new food and intake of fruits and vegetables and sweet beverages: a randomized, controlled trial. BMC Research Notes 2017;10(1):607. - PMC - PubMed
Bellows 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bellows L, Johnson SL, Davies PL, Anderson J, Gavin W, Boles RE. The Colorado LEAP Study: a longitudinal study for obesity prevention in early childhood. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2013;45(4 Supplement):S78.
    1. Bellows L, Johnson SL, Davies PL, Gavin W, Boles RE. Findings from the Colorado LEAP Study: a longitudinal study for obesity prevention in early childhood. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2014;46(4 Supplement):S189.
Bellows 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bellows L, Johnson SL, Bekelman T, Benz C, Chamberlin B, Clark L, et al. The HEROs Study year 2: engaging families to promote healthy eating and activity behaviors in early childhood. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2017;49(7):S110-1. - PMC - PubMed
Benjamin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Benjamin SE, Haines J, Ball SC, Ward DS. Improving nutrition and physical activity in child care: what parents recommend. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2008;108(11):1907-11. - PubMed
Benjamin Neelon 2016 {published data only}
    1. Benjamin Neelon SE, Mayhew M, O’Neill JR, Neelon B, Li F, Pate RR. Comparative evaluation of a South Carolina policy to improve nutrition in child care. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2016;116(6):949-56. - PubMed
Bensley 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bensley RJ, Anderson JV, Brusk JJ, Mercer N, Rivas J. Impact of internet vs traditional special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children nutrition education on fruit and vegetable intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2011;111(5):749-55. - PubMed
Bere 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bere E, Te Velde SJ, Smastuen MC, Twisk J, Klepp KI. One year of free school fruit in Norway--7 years of follow-up. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition & Physical Activity 2015;12:139. - PMC - PubMed
Berg 2016 {published data only}
    1. Berg L. Raising a healthy, happy eater. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2016;48(5):356.
Bergman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bergman D, Barry C. This is way better than Cheetos; changing children's eating behavior through garden and kitchen-based nutrition education. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2016;48(7):S9-S10.
Berhe 1997 {published data only}
    1. Berhe G. Tulimbe Nutrition Project: a community-based dietary intervention to combat micronutrient malnutrition in rural southern Malawi. SCN news 1997;Dec(15):25-6. - PubMed
Bernal 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bernal R, Ramirez SM. Improving the quality of early childhood care at scale: the effects of "From Zero to Forever". World Development 2019;118:91-105.
Berry 2013 {published data only}
    1. Berry DC, Neal M, Hall EG, Schwartz TA, Verbiest S, Bonuck K, et al. Rationale, design, and methodology for the optimizing outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their infants study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2013;13:No pagination. - PMC - PubMed
Bessems 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bessems KM, Assema P, Martens MK, Paulussen TG, Raaijmakers LG, De Rooij M, et al. Healthier food choices as a result of the revised healthy diet programme Krachtvoer for students of prevocational schools. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2012;9:60. - PMC - PubMed
Best 2016 {published data only}
    1. Best JR, Goldschmidt AB, Mockus-Valenzuela DS, Stein RI, Epstein LH, Wilfley DE. Shared weight and dietary changes in parent-child dyads following family-based obesity treatment. Health Psychology 2016;35(1):92-5. - PMC - PubMed
Bhandari 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bhandari N, Mazumder S, Bahl R, Martines J, Black RE, Bhan MK. An educational intervention to promote appropriate complementary feeding practices and physical growth in infants and young children in rural Haryana, India. Journal of Nutrition 2004;134(9):2342-8. - PubMed
Bibiloni 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bibiloni MDM, Fernandez-Blanco J, Pujol-Plana N, Martin-Galindo N, Fernandez-Vallejo MM, Roca-Domingo M, et al. Improving diet quality in children through a new nutritional education programme: INFADIMED. Gaceta Sanitaria 2017;11:11. - PubMed
Birch 1980 {published data only}
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Birch 1982 {published data only}
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Birch 1998 {published data only}
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Blissett 2012 {published data only}
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Blom‐Hoffman 2008 {published data only}
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Bollella 1999 {published data only}
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Bonvecchio‐Arenas 2010 {published data only}
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Borys 2016 {published data only}
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Brambilla 2010 {published data only}
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Briefel 2006 {published data only}
    1. Briefel R, Hanson C, Fox MK, Novak T, Ziegler P. Feeding infants and toddlers study: do vitamin and mineral supplements contribute to nutrient adequacy or excess among US infants and toddlers? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2006;106:S52-S65. - PubMed
Briefel 2009 {published data only}
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Briefel 2010 {published data only}
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Briefel 2018 {published data only}
    1. Briefel RR, Collins AM, Wolf A, Gordon AR, Cabili CL, Klerman JA. Nutrition impacts in a randomized trial of summer food benefits to prevent childhood hunger in U.S. schoolchildren. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 2018;13(3):304-21.
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Briley 1999 {published data only}
    1. Briley ME, Jastrow S, Vickers J, Roberts-Gray C. Dietary intake at child-care centers and away: are parents and child care providers working as partners or at cross-purposes? Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1999;99(8):950-4. - PubMed
Briley 2011 {published data only}
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Briley 2016 {published data only}
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Brotman 2012 {published data only}
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Bruening 1999 {published data only}
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Bryant 2017 {published data only}
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Burgermaster 2017 {published data only}
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Buscail 2018 {published data only}
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Byrd‐Bredbenner 2012 {published data only}
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Byrne 2002 {published data only}
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Calancie 2018 {published data only}
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Camelo 2016 {published data only}
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Campbell 2016a {published data only}
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Campbell 2016b {published data only}
    1. Campbell RK, Hurley KM, Shamim AA, Shaikh S, Chowdhury ZT, Mehra S, et al. Effect of complementary food supplementation on breastfeeding and home diet in rural Bangladeshi children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016;104(5):1450-8. - PMC - PubMed
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Capaldi‐Phillips 2014 {published data only}
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Carstairs 2018 {published data only}
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Cassey 2016 {published data only}
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Castro 2013 {published data only}
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Chatham 2016 {published data only}
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Chen 2015 {published data only}
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Chen 2019b {published data only}
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Chung 2018 {published data only}
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Coelho 2012 {published data only}
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    1. Cohen JF, Gorski FM, Rosenfeld L, Smith L, Rimm EB, Hoffman JA. The impact of 1 year of healthier school food policies on students' diets during and outside of the school day. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2018;118(12):2296-301. - PMC - PubMed
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Coleman 2005 {published data only}
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Collins 2011 {published data only}
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Condrasky 2006 {published data only}
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Cooper 2019 {published data only}
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Cooperberg 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cooperberg J. Food for Thought: a parental internet-based intervention to treat childhood obesity in preschool-aged children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2014;74.
Copeland 2010 {published data only}
    1. Copeland AL, Williamson DA, Kendzor DE, Businelle MS, Rash CJ, Kulesza M, et al. A school-based alcohol, tobacco, and drug prevention program for children: The Wise Mind study. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2010;34:522-32.
Coppinger 2016 {published data only}
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Corsini 2013 {published data only}
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Cotwright 2017a {published data only}
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    1. Cotwright CJ, Bales DW, Lee JS, Parrott K, Celestin N, Olubajo B. Like peas and carrots: combining wellness policy implementation with classroom education for obesity prevention in the childcare setting. Public Health Reports 2015;132(Suppl 2):74S-80S. - PMC - PubMed
Cotwright 2017b {published data only}
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Coulthard 2018 {published data only}
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Court 1977 {published data only}
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Crespo 2012 {published data only}
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Croker 2012 {published data only}
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Cullen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cullen KW, Dave JM, Chen A, Elliott L, Walker F, Jensen H. Implementing the new school meal regulations: do elementary school children select and eat 1 fruit and 2 vegetable servings when allowed? Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2013;113(9):A11.
Cullen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cullen KW, Chen TA, Dave JM, Jensen H. Differential improvements in student fruit and vegetable selection and consumption in response to the new national school lunch program regulations: a pilot study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2015;115(5):743-50. - PMC - PubMed
Curtis 2012 {published data only}
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    1. Dai C-L. Evaluation of an afterschool obesity prevention program: Children's Healthy Eating and Exercise Program. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 2015;76(2-A(E)).
Dalton 2011 {published data only}
    1. Dalton WT, Schetzina KE, Holt N, Fulton-Robinson H, Ho AL, Tudiver F, et al. Parent-led activity and nutrition (plan) for healthy living: design and methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2011;32(6):882-92. - PMC - PubMed
Dannefer 2017 {published data only}
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Davis 2019 {published data only}
    1. Davis J, Nikah K, Asigbee FM, Landry MJ, Vandyousefi S, Ghaddar R, et al. Design and participant characteristics of TX sprouts: A school-based cluster randomized gardening, nutrition, and cooking intervention. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2019;85:No pagination. - PMC - PubMed
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Day 2008 {published data only}
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De Bourdeaudhuij 2015 {published data only}
    1. Arvidsson L, Bogl LH, Eiben G, Hebestreit A, Nagy P, Tornaritis M, et al. Fat, sugar and water intakes among families from the IDEFICS intervention and control groups: first observations from i.family. Obesity Reviews 2015;16:127-37. - PubMed
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De Droog 2012 {published data only}
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de la Haye 2019a {published data only}
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de la Haye 2019b {published data only}
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Delgado 2014 {published data only}
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Dollahite 2014 {published data only}
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Draper 2010 {published data only}
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Dumas 2019 {published data only}
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Elder 2014 {published data only}
    1. Elder JP, Crespo NC, Corder K, Ayala GX, Slymen DJ, Lopez NV, et al. Childhood obesity prevention and control in city recreation centres and family homes: the MOVE/me Muevo Project. Pediatric Obesity 2014;9(3):218-31. - PMC - PubMed
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Esfarjani 2013 {published data only}
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    1. Evans A, Ranjit N, Hoelscher D, Jovanovic C, Lopez M, McIntosh A, et al. Impact of school-based vegetable garden and physical activity coordinated health interventions on weight status and weight-related behaviors of ethnically diverse, low-income students: study design and baseline data of the Texas, Grow! Eat! Go! (TGEG) cluster-randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16:973. - PMC - PubMed
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Faber 2002 {published data only}
    1. Faber M, Phungula MAS, Venter SL, Dhansay MA, Spinnler Benade AJ. Home gardens focusing on the production of yellow and dark-green leafy vegetables increases the serum retinol concentrations of 2-5-y-old children in South Africa. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76(5):1048-54. - PubMed
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    1. Fangupo LJ, Heath AL, Williams SM, Somerville MR, Lawrence JA, Gray AR, et al. Impact of an early-life intervention on the nutrition behaviors of 2-y-old children: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2015;102(3):704-12. - PubMed
Fernandes 2011 {published data only}
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Fernández‐Alvira 2013 {published data only}
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Ferrante 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ferrante MJ, Johnson SL, Miller J, Moding KJ, Bellows LL. Does a vegetable-first, optimal default strategy improve children's vegetable intake? A restaurant-based study. Food Quality and Preference 2019;74:112-7.
Ferreira 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ferreira VR, Sangalli CN, Leffa PS, Rauber F, Vitolo MR. The impact of a primary health care intervention on infant feeding practices: a cluster randomised controlled trial in Brazil. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2019;32(1):21-30. - PubMed
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    1. Fialkowski MK, DeBaryshe B, Bersamin A, Nigg C, Leon Guerrero R, Rojas G, et al. A community engagement process identifies environmental priorities to prevent early childhood obesity: the Children's Healthy Living (CHL) program for remote underserved populations in the US Affiliated Pacific Islands, Hawaii and Alaska. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2013;18(10):2261-74. - PMC - PubMed
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Fisher 2007 {published data only}
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    1. Fishman L. Don't be duped by these fruit & veggie fakes. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2016;48(2):158.e5.
Fitzgibbon 2002 {published data only}
    1. Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Dyer AR, VanHorn L, Kaufer Christoffel K. A community-based obesity prevention program for minority children: rationale and study design for Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Preventive Medicine 2002;34:289-97. - PubMed
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Foerster 1998 {published data only}
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Folta 2006 {published data only}
    1. Folta SC, Goldberg JP, Economos C, Bell R, Landers S, Hyatt R. Assessing the use of school public address systems to deliver nutrition messages to children: Shape Up Somerville - audio adventures. Journal of School Health 2006;76(9):459-64. - PubMed
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Fortin‐Miller 2019 {published data only}
    1. Fortin-Miller SA. The Effect of the Community Food Environment on Family Child Care Home Meal Quality [Dissertation]. Oklahoma, USA: The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 2019.
Fournet 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fournet RM. Teaching gardening and food choices to children living in a food desert... 2014 Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo, October 18-21, 2014, Atlanta, GA. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics 2014;114:A88.
Freedman 2010 {published data only}
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    1. French SA, Rydell SA, Mitchell NR, Michael OJ, Elbel B, Harnack L. Financial incentives and purchase restrictions in a food benefit program affect the types of foods and beverages purchased: results from a randomized trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2017;14(1):127. - PMC - PubMed
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Friend 2015a {published data only}
    1. Friend S, Fulkerson J, Flattum C, Horning M, Olson C, Barlow T, et al. Cooking with kids in rural Minnesota: family meals and interest in family-focused, community-based, healthful-eating programs. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2015;47(4):S9.
Friend 2015b {published data only}
    1. Draxten M, Fulkerson JA, Friend S, Flattum CF, Schow R. Parental role modeling of fruits and vegetables at meals and snacks is associated with children's adequate consumption. Appetite 2014;78:1-7. - PMC - PubMed
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Galdamez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Galdamez I, Cuthbertson C, Aguilar A. Culturally relevant nutrition education for migrant Head Start parents 2016. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2017;49(7):S49-50.
Gallo 2017 {published data only}
    1. Gallo S, Kohn Rhoades S, De Jonge L, Canales J, Sanchez K. Childhood Health, Education, & Wellness (CHEW): a pilot trial for an individualized, family-centered and culturally adapted program targeting childhood obesity among Latino children. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2017;117(9):A19.
Gallotta 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gallotta MC, Iazzoni S, Emerenziani GP, Meucci M, Migliaccio S, Guidetti L, et al. Effects of combined physical education and nutritional programs on schoolchildren's healthy habits. PeerJ 2016;4:e1880. - PMC - PubMed
Garcia‐Lascurain 2006 {published data only}
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Garden‐Robinson 2019 {published data only}
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Gardiner 2017 {published data only}
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Gaughan 2016 {published data only}
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Gay 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gay JL, Saunders RP, Rees-Punia E, Dowda M, Van den Berg AE. Role of organizational support on implementation of an environmental change intervention to improve child fruit and vegetable intake: a randomized cross-over design. Prevention Science 2019;20(8):1211-8. - PubMed
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    1. Gelli A, Margolies A, Santacroce M, Roschnik N, Twalibu A, Katundu M, et al. Using a community-based early childhood development center as a platform to promote production and consumption diversity increases children's dietary intake and reduces stunting in Malawi: a cluster-randomized trial. Journal of Nutrition 2018;148:1587-97. - PMC - PubMed
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Gittelsohn 2010 {published data only}
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Glasson 2012 {published data only}
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Glasson 2013 {published data only}
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Golley 2012 {published data only}
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Goncalves 2018 {published data only}
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Gorham 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gorham G, Dulin-Keita A, Risica PM, Mello J, Papandonatos G, Nunn A, et al. Effectiveness of Fresh to You, a discount fresh fruit and vegetable market in low-income neighborhoods, on children's fruit and vegetable consumption, Rhode Island, 2010-2011.[Erratum appears in Prev Chronic Dis. 2015;12:E188; PMID: 26542140]. Preventing Chronic Disease 2015;12:E176. - PMC - PubMed
Gosliner 2010 {published data only}
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Granleese 2019 {published data only}
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Gratton 2007 {published data only}
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    1. Gregori D, Vecchio MG, Nikolakis A, Galasso F. Even a very intense advertising promoting fruit consumption is not enough to have children eating more fruit: results from an experimental study in Italy. Obesity Facts 2014;7:176.
Gripshover 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gripshover SJ, Markman EM. Teaching young children a theory of nutrition: conceptual change and the potential for increased vegetable consumption. Psychological Science 2013;24:1541-53. - PubMed
Grupo de Diarios América 2019a {published data only}
    1. Grupo de Diarios América. Stories and positive messages encourage children to eat more fruits and vegetables. CE Noticias Financieras English 2019.
Grupo de Diarios América 2019b {published data only}
    1. Grupo de Diarios América. Pre-school children snacks will have fruit and vegetables. CE Noticias Financieras English 2019.
Grupo de Diarios América 2019c {published data only}
    1. Grupo de Diarios América. Five tips for children to eat vegetables. CE Noticias Financieras English 2019.
Gucciardi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gucciardi E, Robyn NR, Szwiega S, Yan BY, Butler A. Evaluation of a sensory-based food education program on fruit and vegetable consumption among kindergarten children. Journal of Child Nutrition & Management (Online) 2019;43(1):n1.
Guenther 2014 {published data only}
    1. Guenther DC. Nutrition education and scratch cooking changes in schools: a mixed methods study of interventions in Aurora public schools. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2014;74.
Guilfoyle 2019 {published data only}
    1. Guilfoyle C. How to get even fussy children to eat their vegetables. Sunday Telegraph 2019:89.
Guldan 2000 {published data only}
    1. Guldan GS, Fan HC, Ma X, Ni ZZ, Xiang X, Tang MZ. Culturally appropriate nutrition education improves infant feeding and growth in rural Sichuan, China. The Journal of Nutrition 2000;130(5):1204-11. - PubMed
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    1. Haines J, Douglas S, Mirotta JA, O'Kane C, Breau R, Walton K, et al. Guelph Family Health Study: pilot study of a home-based obesity prevention intervention. Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique 2018;25:25. - PMC - PubMed
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Hammersley 2017 {published data only}
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Hammons 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hammons AJ, Wiley AR, Fiese BH, Teran-Garcia M. Six-week Latino family prevention pilot program effectively promotes healthy behaviors and reduces obesogenic behaviors. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2013;45(6):745-50. - PubMed
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Hansen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hansen A, King M, Cabe J, Pleasant A, Lucero-Liu A, Schultz J, et al. Using health literacy and hands-on cooking to improve healthy nutrition behaviors. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2016;116(9):A35.
Hanson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hanson KL, Kolodinsky J, Wang W, Morgan EH, Jilcott P, Ammerman SB, et al. Adults and children in low-income households that participate in cost-offset community supported agriculture have high fruit and vegetable consumption. Nutrients 2017;9(7):726. - PMC - PubMed
Hardy 2010a {published data only}
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Hardy 2010b {published data only}
    1. Hardy S, Lowe A, Unadkat A, Thurtle V. Mini-MEND: an obesity prevention initiative in a children's centre. Community Practitioner 2010;83(6):26-9. - PubMed
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Leahy 2008a {published data only}
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Leahy 2008b {published data only}
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Leahy 2008c {published data only}
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Ledoux 2017 {published data only}
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Lee 2017 {published data only}
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Leonard 2019 {published data only}
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Leroy 2019 {published data only}
    1. Leroy JL, Olney DK, Bliznashka L, Ruel M. Tubaramure, a food-assisted maternal and child health and nutrition program in Burundi, increased household food security and energy and micronutrient consumption, and maternal and child dietary diversity: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition 2019;150(4):945-7. - PMC - PubMed
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Ling 2016b {published data only}
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    1. Loth KA, Horning M, Friend S, Neumark-Sztainer D, Fulkerson J. An exploration of how family dinners are served and how service style is associated with dietary and weight outcomes in children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2017;49(6):513-518.e1. - PMC - PubMed
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Lumeng 2012 {published data only}
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Madden 2018 {published data only}
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Maier 2007 {published data only}
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Maier 2008 {published data only}
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Sweitzer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Briley ME, Ranjit N, Holescher DM, Sweitzer SJ, Almansour F, Roberts-Gray C. Unbundling outcomes of a multilevel intervention to increase fruit, vegetables and whole grains parents pack for their preschool children in sack lunches. American Journal of Health Education 2012;43:135-42. - PMC - PubMed
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Tande 2013 {published data only}
    1. Niemeier BS Tande DL, Hwang J, Stastny S, Hektner JM. Using education, exposure, and environments to increase preschool children's knowledge about fruit and vegetables. Journal of Extension 2010;48(1):No pagination.
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Taylor 2007 {published data only}
    1. McAuley KA, Taylor RW, Farmer VL, Hansen P, Williams SM, Booker CS. Economic evaluation of a community-based obesity prevention program in children: the APPLE project. Obesity 2009;18(1):131-6. - PubMed
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Taylor 2010 {published data only}
    1. Taylor RW, Brown D, Dawson AM, Haszard J, Cox A, Rose EA, et al. Motivational interviewing for screening and feedback and encouraging lifestyle changes to reduce relative weight in 4-8 year old children: design of the MInT study. BMC Public Health 2010;10:271. - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 2013a {published data only}
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Taylor 2013b {published data only}
    1. Taylor JC, Johnson RK. Farm to School as a strategy to increase children's fruit and vegetable consumption in the United States: research and recommendations. Nutrition Bulletin 2013;38:70-9.
Taylor 2013c {published data only}
    1. Taylor NJ, Sahota P, Sargent J, Barber S, Loach J, Louch G, et al. Using intervention mapping to develop a culturally appropriate intervention to prevent childhood obesity: the HAPPY (Healthy and Active Parenting Programme for Early Years) study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2013;10:142. - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 2015a {published data only}
    1. Taylor C, Upton P, Upton D. Increasing primary school children's fruit and vegetable consumption: a review of the Food Dudes programme. Health Education 2015;115(2):178-96.
Taylor 2015b {published data only}
    1. Taylor RW, Cox A, Knight L, Brown DA, Meredith-Jones K, Haszard JJ, et al. A tailored family-based obesity intervention: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2015;136(2):282-9. - PubMed
Taylor 2016 {published data only}
    1. Taylor RW, Heath AL, Galland BC, Cameron SL, Lawrence JA, Gray AR, et al. Three-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial to reduce excessive weight gain in the first two years of life: protocol for the POI follow-up study. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):771. - PMC - PubMed
Te Velde 2008 {published data only}
    1. Te Velde SJ, Brug J, Wind M, Hildonen C, Bjelland M, Pérez-Rodrigo C, et al. Effects of a comprehensive fruit- and vegetable-promoting school-based intervention in three European countries: the Pro Children Study. British Journal of Nutrition 2008;99(4):893-903. - PubMed
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Tharrey 2017 {published data only}
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Thomson 2014 {published data only}
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Timms 2011 {published data only}
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Tobey 2016 {published data only}
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Tomayko 2016 {published data only}
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Tomayko 2017 {published data only}
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Tomayko 2019 {published data only}
    1. Tomayko EJ, Prince RJ, Cronin KA, Kim K, Parker T, Adams AK. The Healthy Children, Strong Families 2 (HCSF2) randomized controlled trial improved healthy behaviors in American Indian families with young children. Current Developments in Nutrition 2019;3(Suppl 2):53-62. - PMC - PubMed
Tovar 2017 {published data only}
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Tran 2017 {published data only}
    1. Tran MTN. Parents and School’s Collaboration for Improving Children Food Well-Being by Knowledge Perspective [Thesis]. Nomi: Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 2017.
Tucker 2011 {published data only}
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Tucker 2019 {published data only}
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Turnwald 2017 {published data only}
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Uicab‐Pool 2009 {published data only}
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Upton 2013 {published data only}
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Urrutia 2017 {published data only}
    1. Urrutia CN. Evaluation of a Nutrition Education Program Targeting Home-Based Child Care Centers [Thesis]. El Paso: University of Texas, 2017.
Utter 2017 {published data only}
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Vandeweghe 2016 {published data only}
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    1. Tovar A, Vaughn AE, Fisher JO, Benjamin NS, Burney R, Webster K, et al. Modifying the environment and policy assessment and observation (EPAO) to better capture feeding practices of family childcare home providers. Public Health Nutrition 2019;22(2):223-34. - PMC - PubMed
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Vaughn 2019 {published data only}
    1. Vaughn AE, Studts CR, Powell BJ, Ammerman AS, Trogdon JG, Curran GM, et al. The impact of basic vs. enhanced Go NAPSACC on child care centers' healthy eating and physical activity practices: protocol for a type 3 hybrid effectiveness-implementation cluster-randomized trial. Implementation Science 2019;14(1):101. - PMC - PubMed
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Vega 2018 {published data only}
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Veldhuis 2009 {published data only}
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Vio 2014 {published data only}
    1. Vio F, Salinas J, Montenegro E, González CG, Lera L. Impact of a nutrition education intervention in teachers, preschool and basic school-age children in Valparaiso region in Chile. Nutricion Hospitalaria 2014;29(6):1298-304. - PubMed
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Vitolo 2010 {published data only}
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Vitolo 2014 {published data only}
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Walton 2015 {published data only}
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Wansink 2014 {published data only}
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Wansink 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wansink B, Just DR, Payne CR, Klinger MZ. Corrigendum to "Attractive names sustain increased vegetable intake in schools" (Prev. Med. (55)(4) (2012) (330-332)(S0091743512003222)(10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.07.012)). Preventive Medicine 2018;107:114-5. - PubMed
Ward 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ward DS, Vaughn AE, Bangdiwala KI, Campbell M, Jones DJ, Panter AT, et al. Integrating a family-focused approach into child obesity prevention: rationale and design for the My Parenting SOS study randomized control trial. BMC Public Health 2011;11:431. - PMC - PubMed
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Wardle 2003b {published data only}
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Warschburger 2018 {published data only}
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Wen 2011 {published data only}
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Wen 2013 {published data only}
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Wen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wen LM, Rissel C, Baur LA, Hayes AJ, Xu H, Whelan A, et al. A 3-arm randomised controlled trial of Communicating Healthy Beginnings Advice by Telephone (CHAT) to mothers with infants to prevent childhood obesity. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):79. - PMC - PubMed
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Wengreen 2013 {published data only}
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Wengreen 2018 {published data only}
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Whaley 2010 {published data only}
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Whiteside‐Mansell 2017 {published data only}
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Wijesinha‐Bettoni 2013 {published data only}
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Williamson 2013 {published data only}
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Wilson 2016 {published data only}
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Wilson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wilson TA, Liu Y, Adolph AL, Sacher PM, Barlow SE, Pont S, et al. Behavior modification of diet and parent feeding practices in a community- vs primary care-centered intervention for childhood obesity. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2018;20:20. - PubMed
Woodruff 2019 {published data only}
    1. Woodruff RC, Haardörfer R, Gazmararian JA, Ballard D, Addison AR, Hotz JA, et al. Home environment-focused intervention improves dietary quality: a secondary analysis from the Healthy Homes/Healthy Families randomized trial. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(1):96-100. - PubMed
Wright 2018 {published data only}
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Wyatt 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wyatt KM, Lloyd JJ, Abraham C, Creanor S, Dean S, Densham E, et al. The Healthy Lifestyles Programme (HeLP), a novel school-based intervention to prevent obesity in school children: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:95. - PMC - PubMed
Wyse 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fletcher A, Wolfenden L, Wyse R, Bowman J, McElduff P, Duncan S. A randomised controlled trial and mediation analysis of the 'Healthy Habits', telephone-based dietary intervention for preschool children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2013;10:43. - PMC - PubMed
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Wyse 2019 {published data only}
    1. Wyse R, Delaney T, Gibbins P, Ball K, Campbell K, Yoong S L, et al. Cluster randomised controlled trial of an online intervention to improve healthy food purchases from primary school canteens: a study protocol of the 'click & crunch' trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(9):11. - PMC - PubMed
Yeh 2017 {published data only}
    1. Yeh Y, Hartlieb KB, Danford C, Catherine JKL. Effectiveness of nutrition intervention in a selected group of overweight and obese African-American preschoolers. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 2017;11:11. - PubMed
Yin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yin Z, Parra-Medina D, Cordova A, He M, Trummer V, Sosa E, et al. Miranos! Look at us, we are healthy! An environmental approach to early childhood obesity prevention. Childhood Obesity 2012;8(5):429-39. - PMC - PubMed
Yoong 2017 {published data only}
    1. Yoong SL, Grady A, Wiggers J, Flood V, Rissel C, Finch M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of an online menu planning intervention to improve childcare service adherence to dietary guidelines: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2017;7(9):e017498. - PMC - PubMed
Yoong 2019 {published data only}
    1. Yoong SL, Grady A, Seward K, Finch M, Wiggers J, Lecathelinais C, et al. The impact of a childcare food service intervention on child dietary intake in care: an exploratory cluster randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Health Promotion 2019;33(7):991-1001. - PubMed
Young 2017 {published data only}
    1. Young L. Under 5 Energize: Improving child nutrition and physical activity through early childhood centres [Thesis]. Auckland: Auckland University of Technology, 2017.
Zask 2012 {published data only}
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Zeinstra 2010 {published data only}
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Zhou 2016 {published data only}
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Zhou 2017 {published data only}
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Zongrone 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zongrone AA, Menon P, Pelto GH, Habicht JP, Rasmussen KM, Constas MA, et al. The pathways from a behavior change communication intervention to infant and young child feeding in Bangladesh are mediated and potentiated by maternal self-efficacy. Journal of Nutrition 2018;148(2):259-66. - PMC - PubMed
Zota 2016 {published data only}
    1. Dalma A, Zota D, Kouvari M, Kastorini CM, Veloudaki A, Ellis-Montalban P, et al. Daily distribution of free healthy school meals or food-voucher intervention? Perceptions and attitudes of parents and educators. Appetite 2018;120:627-35. - PubMed
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Zotor 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zotor FB, Amuna P. The food multimix concept: new innovative approach to meeting nutritional challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2008;67(1):98-104. - PubMed
Østbye 2012 {published data only}
    1. Østbye T, Krause KM, Stroo M, Lovelady CA, Evenson KR, Peterson BL, et al. Parent-focused change to prevent obesity in preschoolers: results from the KAN-DO study. Preventive Medicine 2012;55(3):188-95. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Østbye T, Zucker NL, Krause KM, Lovelady CA, Evenson KR, Peterson BL, et al. Kids and adults now! Defeat Obesity (KAN-DO): rationale, design and baseline characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2011;32(3):461-9. - PMC - PubMed
Μιχαλοπούλου 2019 {published data only}
    1. Μιχαλοπούλου Α. Παιδική παχυσαρκία, ο ρόλος του νοσηλευτή,-τριας [Thesis]. TEI Epirus, School of Health and Welfare Professions, School of Nursing, 2019.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Bersamin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bersamin A, Paschall M, Ohle K, King D, Walch A. NP27 Tundra Gifts: harvesting local and regional resources to prevent obesity among Alaska native children in remote, underserved communities. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(7):S22.
Coulthard 2017 {published data only}
    1. Coulthard H, Sealy A. Play with your food! Sensory play is associated with tasting of fruits and vegetables in preschool children. Appetite 2017;113:84-90. - PubMed
Gross 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gross RS, Mendelsohn AL, Gross M, Taylor Lucas C, Fierman AH, Dreyer BP, et al. Starting Early/Empezando Temprano: randomized control trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness of an early obesity prevention program. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012;44(4 Supplement):S82.
    1. Gross RS, Mendelsohn AL, Messito MJ. Additive effects of household food insecurity during pregnancy and infancy on maternal infant feeding styles and practices. Appetite 2018;19:19. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Messito MJ, Katzow M, Mendelsohn A, Gross R. NP20 Starting Early: expansion of a primary care-based early child obesity prevention program. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(7):S19.
    1. Messito MJ, Mendelsohn AL, Gross M, Diaz K, Scheinmann R, Chiasson MA, et al. Starting Early/Empezando Temprano: randomized control trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness of an early obesity prevention program. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2014;46(4 Supplement):S196.
    1. Messito MJ, Mendelsohn AL, Gross M, Diaz K, Scheinmann R, Lucas CT, et al. Starting Early/Empezando Temprano: randomized control trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness of an early obesity prevention program. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2013;45(4 Supplement):S86.
Hoppu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hoppu U, Prinz M, Ojansivu P, Laaksonen O, Sandell MA. Impact of sensory-based food education in kindergarten on willingness to eat vegetables and berries. Food and Nutrition Research 2015;59:10.3402/fnr.v59.28795. - PMC - PubMed
Hull 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hull PC, Emerson JS, Schmidt D, Vylegzhanina V, Quirk M, Mulvaney S, et al. Nashville Children Eating Well (CHEW) for Health: smartphone application for WIC-participating families. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2014;46(4 Supplement):S202.
Huye 2018 {published data only}
    1. Huye H, Connell C, Dufrene B, Yadrick K, Newkirk C. I-POP! development of a nutrition education and positive behavioral support program in Mississippi Head Start Centers. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2018;118(10):A140.
Karmali 2019 {published data only}
    1. Karmali S, Ng V, Battram D, Burke S, Morrow D, Pearson ES, et al. Coaching and/or education intervention for parents with overweight/obesity and their children: study protocol of a single-centre randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):345. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2019b {published data only}
    1. Kim J, Kim G, Park J, Wang Y, Lim H. Effectiveness of teacher-led nutritional lessons in altering dietary habits and nutritional status in preschool children: adoption of a NASA Mission X-based program. Nutrients 2019;11(7):13. - PMC - PubMed
Martinez 2018 {published data only}
    1. Martinez S, Johannsen J, Gertner G, Franco J, Exposito AB, Bartolini RM, et al. Effects of a home-based participatory play intervention on infant and young child nutrition: a randomised evaluation among low-income households in El Alto, Bolivia. BMJ Global Health 2018;3(3):13. - PMC - PubMed
NCT02069249 {published data only}
    1. NCT02069249. Sleep, nutrition and psychological functioning in kindergarten children. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02069249 (first recevied 24 Feb 2014).
NCT02456623 {published data only}
    1. NCT02456623. Obesity intervention for low-income African American preschoolers. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02456623 (first recevied 28 May 2015).
NCT02789215 {published data only}
    1. NCT02789215. Proposed meal changes for CACFP: impact on child food intake and costs. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02789215 (first recevied 2 June 2016).
NCT02975232 {published data only}
    1. NCT02975232. Supermarket science: multipronged approaches to increasing fresh, frozen and canned fruit and vegetable purchases. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02975232 (first recevied 29 November 2016).
NCT03363048 {published data only}
    1. NCT03363048. Grocery assistance program study for families. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03363048 (first recevied 5 Dec 2017).
Rodrigo 2018 {published data only}
    1. Rodrigo ID, Dias K, Rathnayake G, Thilakarathne R, Shobowale E, De Silva L, et al. Successful adaptation of Myplate method for improving the quality of midday meal of pre-schoolers in Suburban Sri Lanka. Cogent Medicine 2018;5:103.
Roed 2019 {published data only}
    1. Roed M, Hillesund ER, Vik FN, Van Lippevelde W, Overby NC. The Food4toddlers study - study protocol for a web-based intervention to promote healthy diets for toddlers: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2019;19:563. - PMC - PubMed
Rosas 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rosas VM, Levy TS, Tapia BM, Gomez-Humaran IM. Impact of the National Crusade Against Hunger (CNCH) on anemia and dietary diversity among Mexican children. FASEB Journal 2017;31:No pagination.
Shah 2016 {published data only}
    1. Shah NB, Fenick AM, Rosenthal MS. A healthy weight for toddlers? Two-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of group well-child care. Clinical Pediatrics 2016;55(14):1354-7. - PubMed
Sharkey 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sharkey J, Meyer RU, Johnson C, Gomez L, Martinez L, Beltran E, et al. NP5 Salud Para Usted y Su Familia [Health for You and Your Family]: Integration of research, education and extension to promote healthier Mexican-heritage families. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(7):S11-2.
Wolnicka 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wolnicka K, Taraszewska A, Jaczewska-Schuetz J, Jarosz M, Niewiarowska M. Influence of school fruit and vegetable scheme on fruit and vegetable consumption among school children during 3 years of evaluation. Obesity facts 2017;10:128.

References to ongoing studies

Belanger 2016 {published data only}
    1. Belanger M, Humbert L, Vatanparast H, Ward S, Muhajarine N, Chow AF, et al. A multilevel intervention to increase physical activity and improve healthy eating and physical literacy among young children (ages 3-5) attending early childcare centres: the Healthy Start-Depart Sante cluster randomised controlled trial study protocol. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):313. - PMC - PubMed
Blomkvist 2018 {published data only}
    1. Blomkvist EA, Helland SH, Hillesund ER, Overby NC. A cluster randomized web-based intervention trial to reduce food neophobia and promote healthy diets among one-year-old children in kindergarten: study protocol. BMC pediatrics 2018;18(1):232. - PMC - PubMed
Brophy‐Herb 2017 {published data only}
    1. Brophy-Herb H, Kerver J, Contreras D. Effectiveness of supports for family mealtimes on obesity prevention among Head Start preschoolers: screening phase results from the Simply Dinner Study. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(7 Supplement):S12-S13.
    1. Brophy-Herb HE, Horodynski M, Contreras D, Kerver J, Kaciroti N, Stein M, et al. Effectiveness of differing levels of support for family meals on obesity prevention among Head Start preschoolers: the Simply Dinner study. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):184. - PMC - PubMed
Helle 2017 {published data only}
    1. Helle C, Hillesund ER, Omholt ML, Overby NC. Early food for future health: a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of an eHealth intervention aiming to promote healthy food habits from early childhood. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):729. - PMC - PubMed
Hennink‐Kaminski 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hennink-Kaminski H, Ihekweazu C, Vaughn AE. Using formative research to develop the Healthy Me, Healthy We campaign: partnering childcare and home to promote healthy eating and physical activity behaviors in preschool children. Social Marketing Quarterly 2018;24(3):194-215.
    1. Hennink-Kaminski H, Vaughn AE, Hales D, Moore RH, Luecking CT, Ward DS. Parent and child care provider partnerships: protocol for the Healthy Me, Healthy We (HMHW) cluster randomized control trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2017;8:8. - PubMed
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Horodynski 2011 {published data only}
    1. Horodynski MA, Baker S, Coleman G, Auld G, Lindau J. The Healthy Toddlers Trial protocol: an intervention to reduce risk factors for childhood obesity in economically and educationally disadvantaged populations. BMC Public Health 2011;11:581. - PMC - PubMed
Hughes 2016a {published data only}
    1. Hughes SO, Power TG, Beck A, Betz D, Calodich S, Goodell LS, et al. Strategies for Effective Eating Development-SEEDS: design of an obesity prevention program to promote healthy food preferences and eating self-regulation in children from low-income families. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2016;48(6):405-418.e1. - PubMed
Ingalls 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ingalls A, Rosenstock S, Cuddy RF, Neault N, Yessilth S, Goklish N, et al. Family Spirit Nurture (FSN)–a randomized controlled trial to prevent early childhood obesity in American Indian populations: trial rationale and study protocol. BMC Obesity 2019;6(1):18. - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2018a {published data only}
    1. Lee RE, Lorenzo E, Szeszulski J, Arriola A, Bruening M, Estabrooks PA, et al. Design and methodology of a cluster-randomized trial in early care and education centers to meet physical activity guidelines: Sustainability via Active Garden Education (SAGE). Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;77:8-18. - PMC - PubMed
Mehdizadeh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mehdizadeh A, Nematy M, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Sardar MA, Leis A, et al. A customized intervention program aiming to improve healthy eating and physical activity among preschool children: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (Iran Healthy Start Study). JMIR Research Protocols 2018;7:e11329. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mehdizadeh HA, Nematy M, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Norouzy A, Sardar MA, Vatanparast H. Implementing and pilot testing of a customized intervention to increase physical activity and healthy eating among preschool children: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2019;38:S151.
NCT03229629 {published data only}
    1. NCT03229629. What promotes healthy eating? The roles of information, affordability, accessibility, gender, and peers on food consumption. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03229629 (first received 25 July 2017).
NCT03597061 {published data only}
    1. NCT03597061. Healthy start to feeding pilot trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03597061 (first recevied 24 July 2018).
Risica 2019 {published data only}
    1. Risica PM, Tovar A, Palomo V, Dionne L, Mena N, Magid K, et al. Improving nutrition and physical activity environments of family child care homes: the rationale, design and study protocol of the 'Healthy Start/Comienzos Sanos' cluster randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2019;19:419. - PMC - PubMed
Seguin 2017 {published data only}
    1. Seguin R, Ammerman A, Hanson K. Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids: innovative cost-offset community-supported agriculture intervention to prevent childhood obesity and strengthen local agricultural economies [2019]. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior;51(7, Supplement):S10-S11.
    1. Seguin RA, Morgan EH, Hanson KL, Ammerman AS, Jilcott Pitts SB, Kolodinsky J, et al. Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids (F3HK): an innovative community supported agriculture intervention to prevent childhood obesity in low-income families and strengthen local agricultural economies. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):306. - PMC - PubMed
Sobko 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sobko T, Tse M, Kaplan M. A randomized controlled trial for families with preschool children - promoting healthy eating and active playtime by connecting to nature. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):505. - PMC - PubMed
UMIN000033818 {published data only}
    1. UMIN000033818. A pilot study for effects of vegetable juice on children's preference and amount of consumption for vegetables. WHO clinical trials (first recevied 1 Dec 2018).
Van der Veek 2019 {published data only}
    1. Van der Veek SM, De Graaf C, De Vries JH, Jager G, Vereijken C, Weenen H, et al. Baby's first bites: a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of vegetable-exposure and sensitive feeding on vegetable acceptance, eating behavior and weight gain in infants and toddlers. BMC Pediatrics 2019;19(1):266. - PMC - PubMed
Watt 2014 {published data only}
    1. Watt RG, Draper AK, Ohly HR, Rees G, Pikhart H, Cooke L, et al. Methodological development of an exploratory randomised controlled trial of an early years' nutrition intervention: the CHERRY programme (Choosing Healthy Eating when Really Young). Maternal & Child Nutrition 2014;10(2):280-94. - PMC - PubMed
Østbye 2015 {published data only}
    1. Østbye T, Mann C, Namenek Brouwer R, Vaughn A, Bartlett R, Ward D. The keys to healthy family child care homes (KEYS) intervention study: design, rationale and baseline characteristics. Obesity Reviews 2014;15:238.
    1. Østbye T, Mann CM, Vaughn AE, Namenek Brouwer RJ, Benjamin Neelon SE, Hales D, et al. The keys to healthy family child care homes intervention: study design and rationale. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;40:81-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tovar A, Vaughn AE, Fallon M, Hennessy E, Burney R, Østbye T, et al. Providers' response to child eating behaviors: a direct observation study. Appetite 2016;105:534-41. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ward DS, Vaughn AE, Burney RV, Hales D, Benjamin-Neelon SE, Tovar A, et al. Keys to healthy family child care homes: Results from a cluster randomized trial. Preventive Medicine 2019;132:105974. - PMC - PubMed

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