The intersectional jeopardy of disability, gender and sexual and reproductive health: experiences and recommendations of women and men with disabilities in Northern Uganda
- PMID: 32449504
- PMCID: PMC7887920
- DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2020.1772654
The intersectional jeopardy of disability, gender and sexual and reproductive health: experiences and recommendations of women and men with disabilities in Northern Uganda
Abstract
The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals committed to "Leave No One Behind" regardless of social identity. While access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services has improved globally, people with disabilities continue to face enormous barriers to SRH, infringing on their SRH rights (SRHR). Uganda adopted pro-disability legislation to promote the rights of people with disabilities. Despite these legal instruments, SRHR of people with disabilities continue to be violated and denied. To address this, we sought to understand and document how people with disabilities perceive the relationships between their use of SRH services, legislation, and health policy in three districts of the post-conflict Northern region of Uganda. Through an intersectionality-informed analysis, we interviewed 32 women and men with different types of impairments (physical, sensory and mental) and conducted two focus groups with 12 hearing and non-hearing disabled people as well as non-participant observations at seven health facilities. We found that disabled people's access to SHR services is shaped by the intersections of gender, disability, and violence, and that individuals with disabilities experienced discrimination across both private-not-for-profit and public health facilities. They also encountered numerous physical, attitudinal, and communication accessibility barriers. Despite policy implementation challenges, people with disabilities expected to exercise their rights and made concrete multi-level recommendations to redress situations of inequity and disadvantages in SRH service utilisation. Intersectionality revealed blind spots in policy implementation and service utilisation gaps. Universal health coverage can be operationalised in actionable measures where its universality meets with social justice.
Les objectifs de développement durable 2030 prévoient de « ne laisser personne de côté », sans distinction d'identité sociale. Si l'accès aux services de santé sexuelle et reproductive (SSR) s'est élargi dans le monde, les personnes handicapées rencontrent encore d'énormes obstacles pour obtenir des soins dans ce domaine, ce qui viole leurs droits à la SSR. L'Ouganda a adopté une législation qui favorise les droits des personnes handicapées. En dépit de ces instruments juridiques, les droits à la SSR des personnes handicapées continuent d'être enfreints et déniés. Pour remédier à ce problème, nous avons cherché à comprendre et à documenter comment les personnes handicapées perçoivent les liens entre leur utilisation des services de SSR, la législation et la politique de santé dans trois districts en contexte de post-conflit au nord de l'Ouganda. Par le biais d'une analyse intersectionnelle, nous avons interviewé 32 femmes et hommes avec différents types de handicaps (physiques, sensoriels et mentaux) et conduit deux groupes de discussion avec 12 personnes handicapées entendantes et malentendantes ainsi que des observations non-participantes de sept structures de santé. Nous avons constaté que l'accès des personnes handicapées aux services de SSR est modelé par les intersections du genre, du handicap et de la violence, et que les individus handicapés se heurtent à une discrimination aussi bien dans les structures sanitaires publics que privés à but non lucratif. Ils rencontrent aussi de nombreux obstacles à l'accessibilité, de nature physique ou en lien avec les attitudes et la communication. Malgré des difficultés dans l'application des politiques, les personnes handicapées s'attendaient à exercer leurs droits et ont formulé des recommandations concrètes sur plusieurs niveaux afin de corriger les situations d'iniquité et de désavantage dans l'utilisation des services de SSR. L'intersectionnalité a révélé des angles morts dans la mise en œuvre des politiques et des lacunes dans le recours aux services. La couverture de santé universelle peut être atteinte avec la mise en place de mesures réalisables où son universalité sert la justice sociale.
Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2030 se comprometieron a “No dejar a nadie atrás”, independientemente de su identidad social. Aunque el acceso a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) ha mejorado mundialmente, las personas con discapacidad continúan enfrentando enormes barreras a la SSR, que infringen en sus derechos de SSR (SDSR). Uganda adoptó legislación a favor de las personas con discapacidad para promover sus derechos. A pesar de estos instrumentos legislativos, SDSR de personas con discapacidad continúan siendo violados y negados. Para abordar ese problema, buscamos entender y documentar cómo las personas con discapacidad perciben las relaciones entre su uso de servicios de SSR, la legislación y la política sobre salud en tres distritos de la región septentrional de Uganda postconflicto. Por medio de un análisis informado por interseccionalidad, entrevistamos a 32 mujeres y hombres con diferentes tipos de discapacidad (física, sensorial y mental) y realizamos dos discusiones en grupos focales con 12 personas discapacitadas oyentes y sordas, así como observaciones no participantes en siete unidades de salud. Encontramos que el acceso de las personas discapacitadas a los servicios de SSR es afectado por las intersecciones de género, discapacidad y violencia, y que las personas con discapacidad sufrieron discriminación tanto en unidades de salud del sector privado sin fines de lucro como en las del sector público. Además, enfrentaron numerosas barreras físicas, actitudinales y de comunicación a la accesibilidad. A pesar de los retos de aplicar las políticas, las personas con discapacidad esperaban poder ejercer sus derechos e hicieron recomendaciones concretas en múltiples niveles para rectificar situaciones de inequidad y desventajas en el uso de servicios de SSR. La interseccionalidad reveló puntos ciegos en la aplicación de políticas y brechas en el uso de servicios. Es posible operacionalizar la cobertura médica universal con medidas viables cuando su universalidad coincide con la justicia social.
Keywords: Uganda; disability; gender; health equity; intersectionality; sexual and reproductive health and rights.
Conflict of interest statement
No conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Similar articles
-
Policy Implementation Challenges and Barriers to Access Sexual and Reproductive Health Services Faced By People With Disabilities: An Intersectional Analysis of Policy Actors' Perspectives in Post-Conflict Northern Uganda.Int J Health Policy Manag. 2022 Jul 1;11(7):1187-1196. doi: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.28. Epub 2021 Apr 13. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2022. PMID: 33906334 Free PMC article.
-
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to sexual and reproductive health services for women and gender-diverse people with disabilities in Canada: a qualitative study.Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2024 Dec;32(1):2441027. doi: 10.1080/26410397.2024.2441027. Epub 2025 Jan 13. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2024. PMID: 39668741 Free PMC article.
-
Disability and sexual and reproductive health service utilisation in Uganda: an intersectional analysis of demographic and health surveys between 2006 and 2016.BMC Public Health. 2022 Mar 4;22(1):438. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12708-w. BMC Public Health. 2022. PMID: 35246094 Free PMC article.
-
A scoping review of qualitative studies on sexual and reproductive health and rights in Uganda: Exploring factors at multiple levels.Womens Health (Lond). 2024 Jan-Dec;20:17455057241285193. doi: 10.1177/17455057241285193. Womens Health (Lond). 2024. PMID: 39345026 Free PMC article.
-
Documenting the challenges of conducting research on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) of persons with disabilities in a low-and-middle income country setting: lessons from Bangladesh.BMJ Glob Health. 2020 Dec;5(12):e002904. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002904. BMJ Glob Health. 2020. PMID: 33334901 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
-
Utilization of HIV testing and counselling services by women with disabilities during antenatal care in Uganda: analysis of 2016 demographic and health survey.BMC Public Health. 2021 Nov 2;21(1):1984. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-12045-4. BMC Public Health. 2021. PMID: 34727901 Free PMC article.
-
Understanding challenges and enhancing the competency of healthcare providers for disability inclusive sexual and reproductive health services in rural Nepal.PLoS One. 2024 Dec 13;19(12):e0311944. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311944. eCollection 2024. PLoS One. 2024. PMID: 39671388 Free PMC article.
-
Leaving no woman or girl behind? Inclusion and participation in digital maternal health programs in sub-Saharan Africa.Reprod Health. 2022 Feb 28;19(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s12978-022-01358-1. Reprod Health. 2022. PMID: 35227260 Free PMC article.
-
Women's Health in/and Work: Menopause as an Intersectional Experience.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Oct 14;18(20):10793. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010793. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021. PMID: 34682537 Free PMC article.
-
How to navigate the application of ethics norms in global health research: reflections based on qualitative research conducted with people with disabilities in Uganda.BMC Med Ethics. 2021 Oct 18;22(1):140. doi: 10.1186/s12910-021-00710-7. BMC Med Ethics. 2021. PMID: 34663292 Free PMC article.
References
-
- World Health Organization . Primary health care on the road to universal health coverage. 2019 Monitoring Report: Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.
-
- World Health Organization, The World Bank . World report on disability. Malta: World Health Organization; 2011.
-
- United Nations . Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: 2015 [cited 2018 Dec]. Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld.
-
- Frohmader C, Ortoleva S, editors. The sexual and reproductive rights of women and girls with disabilities. ICPD International Conference on Population and Development Beyond; North Hobart; 2014.
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical