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. 2020 May 6;5(19):10948-10957.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00727. eCollection 2020 May 19.

Hydroxyethyl Chitosan-Reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol/Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration

Lei Nie  1   2 , Yaling Deng  3 , Pei Li  1   4 , Ruixia Hou  5 , Amin Shavandi  6 , Shoufeng Yang  2
Affiliations

Hydroxyethyl Chitosan-Reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol/Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration

Lei Nie et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Fabrication of reinforced scaffolds for bone regeneration remains a significant challenge. The weak mechanical properties of the chitosan (CS)-based composite scaffold hindered its further application in clinic. Here, to obtain hydroxyethyl CS (HECS), some hydrogen bonds of CS were replaced by hydroxyethyl groups. Then, HECS-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) nanoparticle hydrogel was fabricated via cycled freeze-thawing followed by an in vitro biomineralization treatment using a cell culture medium. The synthesized hydrogel had an interconnected porous structure with a uniform pore distribution. Compared to the CS/PVA/BCP hydrogel, the HECS/PVA/BCP hydrogels showed a thicker pore wall and had a compressive strength of up to 5-7 MPa. The biomineralized hydrogel possessed a better compressive strength and cytocompatibility compared to the untreated hydrogel, confirmed by CCK-8 analysis and fluorescence images. The modification of CS with hydroxyethyl groups and in vitro biomineralization were sufficient to improve the mechanical properties of the scaffold, and the HECS-reinforced PVA/BCP hydrogel was promising for bone tissue engineering applications.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1. Schematic Illustration of the Fabrication and Biomineralization Process of the HECS/PVA/BCP Scaffold
Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) FTIR spectra of CS and HECS; (B) FTIR spectra of pure PVA, HECS, and BCP NPs; and (C) FTIR spectra of the prepared HECS/PVA/BCP hydrogels; H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5 represent the different hydrogels prepared using different HECS/PVA/BCP ratios.
Figure 2
Figure 2
TEM images of BCP NPs (A,B), the inset at the right bottom of (A) was enlarged at a higher magnification.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM images of the prepared HECS/PVA/BCP hydrogels, the cross-sectional morphology was observed for all samples: (A1,A2) hydrogel H1; (B1,B2) hydrogel H2; (C1,C2) hydrogel H3; (D1,D2) hydrogel H4; and (E1,E2) hydrogel H5.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Porosity (A) and compressive strength (B) of the HECS/PVA/BCP scaffolds.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Swelling behavior of HECS/PVA/BCP scaffolds after soaking in PBS.
Figure 6
Figure 6
SEM images of the prepared HECS/PVA/BCP hydrogels after in vitro biomineralization treatment using cell medium: (A): BH1; (B): BH2; (C) BH3; (D) BH4; and (E) BH5. The aggregations of apatite crystals were marked in a different color.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(A) Porosity and (B) compressive strength of the prepared HECS/PVA/BCP hydrogels after in vitro biomineralization treatment.
Figure 8
Figure 8
In vitro cytocompatibility of the prepared HECS/PVA/BCP hydrogels after in vitro biomineralization via culturing with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) for different days, OD570nm values were recorded after being treated using CCK-8 kit solutions, and the cells without hydrogels were considered as a control check group (CK).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Fluorescence images (phalloidin-FITC/DAPI staining) of hBMSCs after incubation with the prepared HECS/PVA/BCP scaffolds after in vitro biomineralization for 5 days: (A): BH1; (B): BH2; (C) BH3; (D) BH4; and (E) BH5; the scale bar is 50 μm.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2. Schematic Diagram of the Mechanism of the Reinforced HECS/PVA/BCP Hydrogels
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