Potential Food Application of a Biosurfactant Produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae URM 6670

Abstract

Biosurfactants have aroused considerable interest due to the possibility of acquiring useful products that are tolerant to processing techniques used in industries. Some yeasts synthesize biosurfactants that offer antioxidant activity and thermal resistance and have no risk of toxicity or pathogenicity, demonstrating potential use in food formulations. The aim of the present study was to assess the use of a biosurfactant produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae URM 6670 to replace egg yolk in a cookie formulation. The yeast was grown in a medium containing 1% waste soybean oil and 1% corn steep liquor. The biosurfactant was isolated using a novel method and was structurally characterized using FT-IR, NMR, and GC/FID. Thermal stability was determined using thermogravimetry (TG)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and antioxidant activity was investigated using three methods. Cytotoxicity tests were performed using the MTT assay with mouse fibroblast and macrophage lines. In the final step, the biosurfactant was incorporated into the formulation of a cookie dough replacing egg yolk. The physical properties and texture profile were analyzed before and after baking. The surface and interfacial tensions of the culture medium after the production process were 26.64 ± 0.06 and 9.12 ± 0.04 mN/m, respectively, and the biosurfactant concentration was 5.84 ± 0.17 g/L after isolation. In the structural characterization by NMR and FT-IR, the biosurfactant from S. cerevisiae exhibited a glycolipid structure, with the fatty acid profile revealing a high percentage of linoleic acid (50.58%). The thermal analysis demonstrated stability at the industrial application temperature, with the negligible loss of mass at temperatures of up to 200°C. The biosurfactant was non-toxic to the fibroblast and macrophage cell lines, with cell inhibition less than 15%. The incorporation of the biosurfactant into the cookie dough did not alter the physical or physicochemical properties of the product after baking. In the analysis of the texture profile before baking, the substitution of egg yolk with the biosurfactant did not alter the properties of firmness, cohesiveness, or elasticity compared to the standard formulation. Therefore, the biosurfactant produced by S. cerevisiae URM 6670 has potential applications in the food industry as a replacement for egg yolk.

Keywords: agro-industrial waste; antioxidant activity; biosurfactant; food; thermal analysis; yeast.

FIGURE 1

Infrared spectrum of biosurfactant produced by S. cerevisiae in medium supplemented with 1.0% waste soybean oil and 1.0% corn steep liquor.

FIGURE 2

¹H-NMR (above) and ¹³C-NMR (below) registered in deuterated chloroform of biosurfactant produced by S. cerevisiae in medium supplemented with 1.0% waste soybean oil and 1.0% corn steep liquor.

FIGURE 3

Chromatogram of fatty acid profile of biosurfactant produced by S. cerevisiae in medium supplemented with 1.0% waste soybean oil and 1.0% corn steep liquor.

FIGURE 4

TGA and DSC of biosurfactant produced by S. cerevisiae in medium supplemented with 1.0% waste soybean oil and 1.0% corn steep liquor.

FIGURE 5

Cookies before and after baking. (A) standard formulation (4% egg yolk); (B) Formulation A (2% egg yolk and 2% biosurfactant); and (C) Formulation B (4% biosurfactant).