Front-of-neck airway rescue with impalpable anatomy during a simulated cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate scenario: scalpel-finger-cannula versus scalpel-finger-bougie in a sheep model

Abstract

Background: Front-of-neck airway rescue in a cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate (CICO) scenario with impalpable anatomy is particularly challenging. Several techniques have been described based on a midline vertical neck incision with subsequent finger dissection, followed by either a cannula or scalpel puncture of the now palpated airway. We explored whether the speed of rescue oxygenation differs between these techniques.

Methods: In a high-fidelity simulation of a CICO scenario in anaesthetised Merino sheep with impalpable front-of-neck anatomy, 35 consecutive eligible participants undergoing airway training performed scalpel-finger-cannula and scalpel-finger-bougie in a random order. The primary outcome was time from airway palpation to first oxygen delivery. Data, were analysed with Cox proportional hazards.

Results: Scalpel-finger-cannula was associated with shorter time to first oxygen delivery on univariate (hazard ratio [HR]=11.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.14-25.13; P<0.001) and multivariate (HR=8.87; 95% CI, 4.31-18.18; P<0.001) analyses. In the multivariable model, consultant grade was also associated with quicker first oxygen delivery compared with registrar grade (HR=3.28; 95% CI, 1.36-7.95; P=0.008). With scalpel-finger-cannula, successful oxygen delivery within 3 min of CICO declaration and ≤2 attempts was more frequent; 97% vs 63%, P<0.001. In analyses of successful cases only, scalpel-finger-cannula resulted in earlier improvement in arterial oxygen saturations (-25 s; 95% CI, -35 to -15; P<0.001), but a longer time to first capnography reading (+89 s; 95% CI, 69 to 110; P<0.001). No major complications occurred in either arm.

Conclusions: The scalpel-finger-cannula technique was associated with superior oxygen delivery performance during a simulated CICO scenario in sheep with impalpable front-of-neck anatomy.

Keywords: airway management; cannot intubate cannot oxygenate; emergency front-of-neck airway; oxygen delivery; scalpel finger bougie; scalpel finger cannula.