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. 2020 May 29;20(1):139.
doi: 10.1186/s12866-020-01831-6.

Schizophyllum commune induced oxidative stress and immunosuppressive activity in Spodoptera litura

Mandeep Kaur  1 , Pooja Chadha  2 , Sanehdeep Kaur  1 , Amarjeet Kaur  3 , Rajvir Kaur  3
Affiliations

Schizophyllum commune induced oxidative stress and immunosuppressive activity in Spodoptera litura

Mandeep Kaur et al. BMC Microbiol. .

Abstract

Background: In the last few decades, considerable attention has been paid to fungal endophytes as biocontrol agents, however little is known about their mode of action. This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of an endophytic fungus Schizophyllum commune by analyzing activities of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes as well as morphology of haemocytes using Spodoptera litura as a model.

Results: Ethyl acetate extract of S. commune was fed to the larvae of S. litura using the artificial diet having 276.54 μg/ml (LC50 of fungus) concentration for different time durations. Exposed groups revealed significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the activities of various enzymes viz. Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione-S-Transferase. Furthermore, haemocytes showed various deformities like breakage in the cell membrane, cytoplasmic leakage and appearance of strumae in the treated larvae. A drastic reduction in the percentage of normal haemocytes was recorded in the treated groups with respect to control.

Conclusion: The study provides important information regarding the oxidative stress causing and immunosuppressant potential of S. commune against S. litura and its considerable potential for incorporation in pest management programs.

Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Basidiomycetes fungi; Haemocytes; Polyphagous insects-pest.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
a-h Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) activity in haemolymph and midgut of S. litura after treatment with ethyl acetate extract of S. commune at different time intervals. EG = Exposed group. Bars represent mean ± S.E. *Ascribes the significant difference between exposed group and control group (t-test, p ≤ 0.05). Different letters a, b, c, d are significantly different (Tukey’s test, p ≤ 0.05) and signify the effect of duration. The enzyme activity was expressed as μmole/ml (haemolymph) and μmole/mg (midgut) weight
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Microphotographs showing haemocytes (Plasmatocytes) (a-b). Normal haemocyte; (c-f). Various deformities observed in haemocytes after treatment with ethyl acetate extract of S. commune; c. Cell membrane shrinkage of haemocyte; d-f. Breakage in membrane and cytoplasmic leakage
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Microphotographs showing haemocytes (Granulocytes) (a). Normal haemocyte; (b). Strumae and surface abnormalities in haemocytes after treatment with ethyl acetate extract of S. commune
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Microphotographs showing haemocytes (prohaemocyte) (a). Normal haemocytes (b). Cell membrane shrinkage in haemocyte after treatment with ethyl acetate extract of S. commune
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The percentage of cells showing various deformities
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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