Plants against Helicobacter pylori to combat resistance: An ethnopharmacological review

Abstract

Worldwide, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is regarded as the major etiological agent of peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma. Claiming about 50 percent of the world population is infected with H. pylori while therapies for its eradication have failed because of many reasons including the acquired resistance against its antibiotics. Hence, the need to find new anti-H.pylori medications has become a hotspot with the urge of searching for alternative, more potent and safer inhibitors. In the recent drug technology scenario, medicinal plants are suggested as repositories for novel synthetic substances. Hitherto, is considered as ecofriendly, simple, more secure, easy, quick, and less toxic traditional treatment technique. This review is to highlight the anti-H. pylori medicinal plants, secondary metabolites and their mode of action with the aim of documenting such plants before they are effected by cultures and traditions that is expected as necessity.

Keywords: Combat antibiotic resistance; Helicobacter pylori; Medicinal plants; Secondary metabolites.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Virulence agents of H. pylori. IL: Interleukin; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappaB; NIK: NF-κB-inducing kinase; VacA: Vacuolating cytotoxin A; CagA: Cytotoxin-associated gene antigen; PAK1: p21-activated kinase; IKKα/β: IκB kinase α/β; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK1/2: MAPK/ERK kinase 1/2; INF-γ: Interferon-γ; NOD1: Nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain protein 1; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase, COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; MKK4: MAPK kinase 4; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.

Fig. 2

Mechanisms of action of phytocompounds against microorganisms.

Fig. 3

Chemical structure of 3a-hydroxymasticadienonic acid (1) and masticadienonic acid (2).

Fig. 4

Chemical structure of anti-H.Pylori flavonoids 1) Quercetin 2) Kampferol 3) Catchin 4) tryptanthrin 5) Apigenin 6) Glabridin 7) Emodin.

Fig. 5

Chemical structure of Aescine (1) and Ginsenoside (2).

Fig. 6

Chemical structure of anti-H.pylori terpens 1) Nerolidol 2) Menthol 3) Oleanolic acid.

Fig. 7

chemical structure of Arabinogalactan.

Fig. 8

Chemical structure of Melatonin (1), Canthin-6-one (2), Integerrimine (3), Yohimbine (4).