Epidemiology of heart failure

Abstract

The heart failure syndrome has first been described as an emerging epidemic about 25 years ago. Today, because of a growing and ageing population, the total number of heart failure patients still continues to rise. However, the case mix of heart failure seems to be evolving. Incidence has stabilized and may even be decreasing in some populations, but alarming opposite trends have been observed in the relatively young, possibly related to an increase in obesity. In addition, a clear transition towards heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction has occurred. Although this transition is partially artificial, due to improved recognition of heart failure as a disorder affecting the entire left ventricular ejection fraction spectrum, links can be made with the growing burden of obesity-related diseases and with the ageing of the population. Similarly, evidence suggests that the number of patients with heart failure may be on the rise in low-income countries struggling under the double burden of communicable diseases and conditions associated with a Western-type lifestyle. These findings, together with the observation that the mortality rate of heart failure is declining less rapidly than previously, indicate we have not reached the end of the epidemic yet. In this review, the evolving epidemiology of heart failure is put into perspective, to discern major trends and project future directions.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Heart failure; Incidence; Mortality; Prevalence.

Figure 1

Prevalence of heart failure in population‐based studies around the world, in percentage, per region. ¹⁷ , ²⁵ , ²⁹ , ³⁹ , ⁶⁴ , ⁶⁵ , ⁶⁶ , ⁶⁷ , ⁶⁸ , ⁶⁹ , ⁷⁰ , ⁷¹

Figure 2

Underlying causes of death by gender and left ventricular ejection fraction in 463 patients in the Framingham Heart Study.¹⁴⁰ CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease. Adapted from Lee et al. ¹⁴⁰