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. 2020 May 20:11:515.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00515. eCollection 2020.

Temperature Variability at Local Scale in the Bordeaux Area. Relations With Environmental Factors and Impact on Vine Phenology

Laure de Rességuier  1 , Séverine Mary  2 , Renan Le Roux  3 , Théo Petitjean  1 , Hervé Quénol  4 , Cornelis van Leeuwen  1
Affiliations

Temperature Variability at Local Scale in the Bordeaux Area. Relations With Environmental Factors and Impact on Vine Phenology

Laure de Rességuier et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

Climate is a major factor of the physical environment influencing terroir expression in viticulture. Thermal conditions strongly impact vine development and grape composition. Spatializing this parameter at local scale allows for more refined vineyard management. In this study, temperature variability was investigated over an area of 19,233 ha within the appellations of Saint-Émilion, Pomerol, and their satellites (Bordeaux, France). A network of 90 temperature sensors was deployed inside grapevine canopies of this area and temperatures were measured from 2012 through 2018. To determine the effect of temperature on vine development, the phenological stages (budbreak, flowering, and véraison) were recorded on 60 reference plots planted with Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot located near the temperature sensors. Results showed great spatial variability in temperature, especially minimum temperature, with an amplitude of up to 10°C on a given day. The spatial variability of the Winkler index measured in the canopy inside a given vintage was around 320 degree-days. This research explores the main factors affecting spatial variability in temperature, such as environmental factors and meteorological conditions. The impact of temperature on vine behavior was also analyzed. Observed phenological dates were compared to those estimated using the Grapevine Flowering Véraison model. Maps of temperatures and phenological observations were created over this area and provided a useful tool for improved adaptation of plant material and training systems to local temperature variability and change.

Keywords: climate; local scale; phenology; spatial modeling; terroir; vine development; viticulture.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Location of temperature sensors and the weather station on a digital elevation model (IGN, National Geographical Institution, France).
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Annual distribution of temperature and rainfall from 2012 to 2018, in comparison to historical period (1995–2018), from the Saint-Émilion Météo-France weather station.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Monthly boxplots of the daily thermal amplitude for (A) minimum and (B) maximum temperature over the site from 2012 through 2018.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Maps of minimum temperature of 13 March (A) and 7 April (B) 2012.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Boxplots of mean (Tm), minimum (Tn), and maximum (Tx) average daily temperatures over the growing season (from 1 April to 30 September) from 2012 through 2018. Different letters indicate significant differences between years (at P < 0.05).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Boxplots of canopy Winkler index from 2012 through 2018. Different letters indicate significant differences between years (at P < 0.05).
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Spatial distribution of minimum temperature on 7 March 2015 (A) and of maximum temperature on 19 July 2016 (B).
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Spatial distribution of average (A) minimum and (B) maximum temperatures during the growing season (1 April to 30 September) from 2012 through 2018.
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Spatial distribution of average Canopy Winkler Index (2012–2018).
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 10
Boxplots of observed phenological stages from 2012 through 2018.
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 11
Comparison between temperatures recorded by Tinytag thermistor probe and the weather station of Saint-Émilion on daily minimum and maximum temperatures from 2016 through 2018.
FIGURE 12
FIGURE 12
Relationships between minimum temperatures measured by Tinytag thermistor probe and weather station (A) and relationship between maximum temperatures measured by Tinytag thermistor probe and weather station (B). Data cover 2016–2018.
FIGURE 13
FIGURE 13
Differences between observed and predicted dates by using the GFV model for mid-flowering (A) and mid-véraison (B) from 2012 through 2018.
FIGURE 14
FIGURE 14
Maps of the average modeled occurrences of (A) mid-flowering and (B) mid-véraison stages (2012–2018) for Merlot.
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References

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