Association of Age of Onset of Hypertension With Cardiovascular Diseases and Mortality

Abstract

Background: The relations of hypertension onset age with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and all-cause mortality remain inconclusive.

Objectives: This study sought to examine the associations of hypertension onset age with CVD and all-cause mortality.

Methods: This prospective study included 71,245 participants free of hypertension and CVD in the first survey (July 2006 to October 2007) of the Kailuan study, a prospective cohort study in Tangshan, China. All participants were followed biennially until December 31, 2017. A total of 20,221 new-onset hypertension cases were identified during follow-up. We randomly selected 1 control participant for each new-onset hypertensive participant, matching for age (±1 year) and sex, and included 19,887 case-control pairs. We used weighted Cox regression models to calculate the average hazard ratios of incident CVD and all-cause mortality across the age groups.

Results: During an average follow-up of 6.5 years, we identified 1,672 incident CVD cases and 2,008 deaths. After multivariate adjustment, with the increase in hypertension onset age, the hazards of outcomes were gradually attenuated. The average hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of CVD and all-cause mortality were 2.26 (1.19 to 4.30) and 2.59 (1.32 to 5.07) for the hypertension onset age <45 years old group, 1.62 (1.24 to 2.12) and 2.12 (1.55 to 2.90) for the 45- to 54-year age group, 1.42 (1.12 to 1.79) and 1.30 (1.03 to 1.62) for the 55- to 64-year age group, and 1.33 (1.04 to 1.69) and 1.29 (1.11 to 1.51) for the ≥65-year age group, respectively (p for interaction = 0.38 for CVD and <0.01 for death).

Conclusions: Hypertension was associated with a higher risk for CVD and all-cause mortality, and the associations were stronger with a younger age of onset.

Keywords: cardiovascular disease risk; early-onset hypertension; mortality risk.