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. 2020 Jul;24(13):7151-7162.
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.15164. Epub 2020 Jun 12.

TGFβ2 is a prognostic-related biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in gastric cancer

Zunqiang Xiao  1 , Linjun Hu  2 , Liu Yang  3 , Sheng Wang  1 , Yuling Gao  4 , Qiaojuan Zhu  1 , Guo Yang  5 , Dongsheng Huang  3 , Qiuran Xu  3
Affiliations

TGFβ2 is a prognostic-related biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in gastric cancer

Zunqiang Xiao et al. J Cell Mol Med. 2020 Jul.

Abstract

TGFβ2 is an essential regulator of immune cell functionality, but the mechanisms whereby it drives immune infiltration in gastric cancer remain uncertain. The Oncomine and Tumor Immunoassay Resource (TIMER) databases were used for assessing the expression of TGFβ2, after which TIMER was used to explore the relationship between TGFβ2 and tumour immune infiltration. Finally, we assessed how TGFβ2 expression correlated with the expression of a set of marker genes associated with immune infiltration using TIMER and GEPIA. We determined TGFβ2 expression to be significantly correlated with outcome in multiple types of cancer in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), with the effect being particularly pronounced in gastric cancer. Furthermore, elevated TGFβ2 expression was found to be significantly correlated with gastric cancer N staging, and with the expression of a variety of immune markers associated with particular immune cell subsets. These results indicate that TGFΒ2 is associated with patient outcome and tumour immune cell infiltration in multiple cancer types. This suggests that TGFβ2 is a key factor which governs immune cell recruitment to gastric cancer tumours, potentially playing a vital role in governing immune cell infiltration and thus representing a valuable prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer patients.

Keywords: TGFβ2; gastric cancer; lymphocytes; prognosis; tumour infiltration.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declared that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The expression level of TGFβ2 in different types of tumor tissues and normal tissues (A) The expression level of TGFβ2 in different types of tumor tissues and normal tissues in the Oncomine database. (P value is .001, fold change is 1.5, and gene ranking of all.) (B) The expression level of TGFβ2 in different types of tumor tissues and normal tissues in TIMER database (*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Correlation between TGFβ2 and prognosis of various types of cancer Correlation between TGFβ2 and prognosis of various types of cancer in the PrognoScan (A–H) Correlation between TGFβ2 and prognosis of various types of cancer in the Kaplan‐Meier plotter database (I–P). OS, overall survival; PFS, Kaplan‐Meier plotter database; RFS, recurrence‐free survival
Figure 3
Figure 3
TGFβ2 expression is correlated with the level of immune infiltration in Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) and Mesothelioma (MESO). (A) TGFβ2 expression is correlated with the level of immune infiltration in Mesothelioma (MESO). (B) TGFβ2 expression is correlated with the level of immune infiltration in Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). (C) Kaplan‐Meier plots of immune infiltration and TGFβ2 expression levels in Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). (D) Kaplan‐Meier plots of immune infiltration and TGFβ2 expression levels in Mesothelioma (MESO)
Figure 4
Figure 4
Correlation analysis between TGFΒ2 expression and immunological marker set in adenocarcinoma (STAD) and Mesothelioma (MESO). (A–D) Scatterplots of correlations between TGFB2 expression and gene markers of monocytes (A), TAMs (B), and M1 (C) and M2 macrophages (D) in MESO. (E–H) Scatterplots of correlations between TGFΒ2 expression and gene markers of monocytes (E), TAMs (F), and M1 (G) and M2 macrophages (H) in STAD
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