Health status of free-ranging ring-necked pheasant chicks (Phasianus colchicus) in North-Western Germany

Abstract

Being a typical ground-breeding bird of the agricultural landscape in Germany, the pheasant has experienced a strong and persistent population decline with a hitherto unexplained cause. Contributing factors to the ongoing negative trend, such as the effects of pesticides, diseases, predation, increase in traffic and reduced fallow periods, are currently being controversially discussed. In the present study, 62 free-ranging pheasant chicks were caught within a two-year period in three federal states of Germany; Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein. The pheasant chicks were divided into three age groups to detect differences in their development and physical constitution. In addition, pathomorphological, parasitological, virological, bacteriological and toxicological investigations were performed. The younger chicks were emaciated, while the older chicks were of moderate to good nutritional status. However, the latter age group was limited to a maximum of three chicks per hen, while the youngest age class comprised up to ten chicks. The majority of chicks suffered from dermatitis of the periocular and caudal region of the head (57-94%) of unknown origin. In addition, intestinal enteritis (100%), pneumonia (26%), hepatitis (24%), perineuritis (6%), tracheitis (24%), muscle degeneration (1%) and myositis (1%) were found. In 78% of the cases, various Mycoplasma spp. were isolated. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was not detected using an MG-specific PCR. Parasitic infections included Philopteridae (55%), Coccidia (48%), Heterakis/Ascaridia spp. (8%) and Syngamus trachea (13%). A total of 8% of the chicks were Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) positive using RT-PCR, 16% positive for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) using RT-PCR, and 2% positive for haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) using PCR. All samples tested for avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) or infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) were negative. The pool samples of the ten chicks were negative for all acid, alkaline-free and derivative substances, while two out of three samples tested were positive for the herbicide glyphosate. Pheasant chick deaths may often have been triggered by poor nutritional status, probably in association with inflammatory changes in various tissues and organs as well as bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Theses impacts may have played a major role in the decline in pheasant populations.

Fig 1. Map of Germany with the study areas Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig Holstein, © GeoBasis-DE / http://www.bkg.bund.de, 2019.

Fig 2. Pheasant chick with moderate perivascular dermatitis of the skin of the scalp with infiltration of lymphocytes (arrows), macrophages (black arrowheads) and few plasmacells (white arrowhead); HE, bar = 60 μm.

Fig 3. Pheasant chick with severe ulcerative dermatitis of the skin of the head with accumulation of cellular debris (X) and proteinaceous exudate (pp); HE, bar = 120 μm.

Fig 4. Pheasant chick with mild intestinal coccidiosis characterised by single protozoal microorganisms (arrows) in enterocytes; HE, bar = 60 μm.

Fig 5. Pheasant chick with focal mild hepatitis characterised by infiltration of lymphocytes (arrows) and macrophages (arrowheads); HE, bar = 60 μm.

Fig 6. Pheasant chick with focal mild myocarditis characterised by infiltration of lymphocytes (arrows), macrophages (black arrowheads) and plasmacells (white arrowhead); HE, bar = 60 μm.