Age-related functional changes of total thyroid hormones and glycosaminoglycans in growing calves

Abstract

Background and aim: During the physiological growing, thyroid and proteoglycan glycosaminoglycan (GAG) changes dynamically occur, according to genetic and non-genetic factors. The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of early postnatal development (10 days) until 210 days of life on the triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄), the relative T₄:T₃ ratio, and GAGs profile, and to define the different reference intervals of the calf's development through the various growing phases.

Materials and methods: The effect of growing on total thyroid hormones and GAG profiles was studied from 10 days to 210days of age in 64 clinically healthy Brown calves, 30males and 34females. Blood samples were collected at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210days of age.

Results: The results showed a significant effect of a calf's growth on T₃, T₄, and GAG values (p<0.0001). Significant correlations between T₃ and T₄ were observed. Compared to the previous time point, T₃ showed a significant decrease at 20days and at 60days (p<0.01), while a significant increase was observed at 90days and 210days (p<0.05); T₄ showed a significant decrease at 20days (p<0.01), while significant increases were observed at both 180days and 210days (p<0.05); GAGs showed a significant increase at 120days and 210days (p<0.05). Positive and significant correlations between BW and GAGs in both males (p<0.0057) and females (p<0.0059) were observed.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the highest T₃ and T₄ concentrations have been associated with the early growing process (10days), with an increasing trend also at 210days, it is possible to hypothesize a probable metabolic effect of thyroid function in anabolic and/or catabolic directions during the calves' development. Likewise, it can be reasonably inferred that the highest plasma GAGs at 210days may be due to their metabolic role during the development of growing calves. Taken together, these findings suggest the potential and relative contribution made by thyroid and GAGs effects on the dynamics of growing calves.

Keywords: calves; glycosaminoglycans; growth; thyroxine; triiodothyronine.

Figure-1

Circulating total triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations (M ± SD) in growing calves over a period of 210days. *Indicates significant (*p<0.05; **p<0.01) differences in average hormone concentrations versus previous time point.

Figure-2

Circulating total thyroxine (T₄) concentrations (M ± SD) in growing calves over a period of 210days. *indicates significant (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01) differences in average hormone concentrations vs previous time point.

Figure-3

T₄/T₃ ratio in growing calves over a period of 210days.

Figure-4

Circulating glycosaminoglycan concentrations (M ± SD) in growing calves over a period of 210days. *indicates significant (*p<0.05) differences in average hormone concentrations versus previous time point.