Diabetes and Toxicant Exposure

Abstract

The worldwide prevalence of obesity has near tripled between 1975 and 2016. Diabetes was the direct cause of an estimated 1.6 million deaths in 2015. Diabetogens, otherwise known as toxicants that cause insulin resistance in animal models and humans as a result of pancreatic β-cell damage include the persistent organochlorine pesticides trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, and DDE -the main metabolite of DDT, as well as another class of persistent organic pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Other toxicants that are now considered diabetogens: BPA, arsenic, phthalates, perfluorinates (PFOS), diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), and dioxin (TCDD) are commonly found in the blood and urine in the CDC NHANES populations and presumed to also be commonly found in the U.S. population as a whole. A review of the literature on the risk for diabetes in epidemiologic studies considering these toxicants, challenges for clinicians using lab testing for these diabetogens, and the necessary interventions for lowering body burden of persistent toxicants are discussed.

Figure 1.

US Synthetic Chemical Production and Diabetes Prevalence

Figure 2.

Mexican Americans diabetics (1), Mexican Americans diabetics without nephropathy (2), Mexican Americans diabetics with nephropathy (3), U.S. diabetics without nephropathy (4) 1-6 Elevated: DDT, DDE, beta hexachlorocyclohexane, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor and heptachlor epoxide.^,