In vivo and in vitro evaluation of pharmacological activities of Adenia trilobata (Roxb.)

Abstract

Adenia trilobata, locally known as akandaphal in Bangladesh, has some traditional uses. Leaves and stems extracted with pure methanol (MEATL, MEATS) and fractioned by n-hexane (NFATL, NFATS), which was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of four extracts showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, flavonol, and saponins. All four extracts of A. trilobata, exhibited a strong antioxidant activity while a moderately (MEATS = 328 μg/mL) to weakly toxic (NFATL = 616.85 μg/mL) LC₅₀ observed in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In thrombolytic test, MEATL (18.54 ± 2.18%; P < 0.01) and MEATS (25.58 ± 4.76%; P < 0.0001) showed significant percentage of clot lysis in human blood. The in vivo analgesic activity carried by acetic acid test and formalin test, while the antidiarrheal activity assayed by two standard methods e.g., castor oil-induced diarrhea and castor oil-induced gastrointestinal motility. Both, in vivo model, showed an extremely significant (P < 0.0001) dose-dependent manner percentage of inhibition in comparison to the control group. Present results suggested, A. trilobata could be a potential source for antioxidative, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, analgesic, antidiarrheal agents which require further study to identify the mechanism of A. trilobata.

Keywords: A. trilobata; A. trilobata, Adenia trilobata; ANOVA, Analysis of variance; Analgesic activity; Antidiarrheal; Antioxidant; Cytotoxic; DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl; FCR, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent; IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration; IP, intraperitoneal; LC50, 50% lethal concentration; OS, oxidative stress; SEM, standard error mean; Thrombolytic; UV, ultra-violet; b.w., body weight.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Percentage of radical scavenging activities the DPPH assay of A. trilobata fractions and standard drug at different concentrations. Values are represented in Mean ± SEM (n = 3). ^b P < 0.01, ^c P < 0.001 and ^d P < 0.0001 are statistically significant in comparison to ascorbic acid followed by unpaired t-test of one-way ANOVA (GraphPad Prism 7). MEATL: Methanolic extract of A. trilobata leaves, NFATL: n-hexane fraction of A. trilobata leaves, MEATS: Methanolic extract of A. trilobata stem and NFATS: n-hexane fraction of A. trilobata stem.

Fig. 2

Reducing power of A. trilobata fractions and standard drug at different concentrations. MEATL: Methanolic extract of A. trilobata leaves, NFATL: n-hexane fraction of A. trilobata leaves, MEATS: Methanolic extract of A. trilobata stem and NFATS: n-hexane fraction of A. trilobata stem.

Fig. 3

Percentage of mortality of brine shrimp of A. trilobata fractions and standard drug at different concentrations. MEATL: Methanolic extract of A. trilobata leaves, NFATL: n-hexane fraction of A. trilobata leaves, MEATS: Methanolic extract of A. trilobata stem and NFATs: n-hexane fraction of A. trilobata stem.

Fig. 4

Percentage of clot lysis of human blood by A. trilobata fractions and standard drug. Values are represented in Mean ± SEM (n = 6). ^b P < 0.01 and ^d P < 0.0001 are statistically significant in comparison to negative control (water) followed by unpaired t-test of one-way ANOVA (GraphPad Prism 7). SK: streptokinase, MEATL: Methanolic extract of A. trilobata leaves, NFATL: n-hexane fraction of A. trilobata leaves, MEATS: Methanolic extract of A. trilobata stem and NFATS: n-hexane fraction of A. trilobata stem.