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. 2020 Jun 17;20(1):187.
doi: 10.1186/s12906-020-2833-9.

The impact of flavonoids-rich Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Extract on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation

Weiwei Miao  1   2 , Lei Sheng  3 , Tao Yang  3 , Guizhen Wu  3 , Minfang Zhang  3 , Juan Sun  4 , Aikemu Ainiwaer  5
Affiliations

The impact of flavonoids-rich Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Extract on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation

Weiwei Miao et al. BMC Complement Med Ther. .

Abstract

Background: To evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effect of flavonoids-rich Ziziphus jujuba Mill. extract (FZM) against the formation of bacterial biofilms (BBFs) in Staphylococcus aureus.

Results: FZM can effectively inhibit the formation of S. aureus biofilms in vitro. Morphological observation showed a decrease in both biofilm adhesion and thickness. Results of confocal laser scanning microscopy used to detect the thickness of the BBFs showed that FZM treatment reduced the thickness of the BBFs. Furthermore, after the Image-Pro Plus v.6.0 analysis of the fluorescence intensity, FZM treatment reduced the thickness of the BBFs as well as the proportion of green fluorescence. Scanning electron microscopy showed that FZM can disrupt the channels available for substance exchange in the biofilm, thus exposing the bacterial cells and damaging its three-dimensional structures.

Conclusion: FZM can inhibit biofilm formation, improve the bacterial pH environment, and eliminate the hydrophobic effect of reactive oxygen species and flavonoids.

Keywords: Bacterial biofilm; Confocal laser scanning microscope; Crystal violet assays; Flavonoids-rich Ziziphus jujuba mill. Extract; Scanning electron microscope; Staphylococcus aureus.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Effect of FZM on biofilm formation evaluated by crystal violet assays cells. Compare to the control group* P < 0.05
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Optical microscope examination. a: Control group × 400 μm.b: Control group × 100 μm. c: 2.81 μg/ml FZM × 400 μm.d: 2.81 μg/ml FZM × 100 μm.e: 5.63 μg/ml FZM × 400 μm. f: 5.63 μg/ml FZM × 100 μm.g: 11.3 μg/ml FZM × 400 μm.H:11.3 μg/ml FZM × 100 μm.i: Positive group × 400 μm.j: Positive group × 100 μm
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Effect of FZM on biofilm formation evaluated by crystal violet assays cells. Compare to the control group* P < 0.05
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Effect of FZM on biofilm formation evaluated by crystal violet assays cells. a:Control group × 4 mm Channels merged. b:Control group × 4 mm Green channel. c:Control group × 4 mm Red channel. d:1.41 μg/ml × 4 mm Channels merged. e1.41 μg/ml × 4 mm Green channel. f:1.41 μg/ml × 4 mm Red channel. g:2.81 μg/ml × 4 mm Channels merged. h:2.81 μg/ml × 4 mm Green channel. i:2.81 μg/ml × 4 mm Red channel. j:5.63 μg/ml × 4 mm Channels merged. k:5.63 μg/ml × 4 mm Green channel. l:5.63 μg/ml × 4 mm Red channel. m:11.3 μg/ml × 4 mm Channels merged. n:11.3 μg/ml × 4 mm Green channel. o:11.3 μg/ml × 4 mm Red channel. p:Positive group × 4 mm Channels merged. q:Positive group × 4 mm Green channel. r:Positive group × 4 mm Red channel
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Confocal laser scanning microscope examination. a: Control group × 5 μm. b:Control group × 1 μm. c:2.81 μg/ml × 5 μm. d:2.81 μg/ml × 1 μm. e:5.63 μg/ml × 5 μm. f:5.63 μg/ml × 1 μm. g:11.3 μg/ml × 5 μm. h:11.3 μg/ml × 1 μm. i:Positive group × 5 μm. j:Positive group × 1 μm
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