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. 2020 Jun 16;10(6):124.
doi: 10.3390/membranes10060124.

ZrO2-TiO2 Incorporated PVDF Dual-Layer Hollow Fiber Membrane for Oily Wastewater Treatment: Effect of Air Gap

Nurshahnawal Yaacob  1   2 , Pei Sean Goh  1 , Ahmad Fauzi Ismail  1 , Noor Aina Mohd Nazri  3 , Be Cheer Ng  1 , Muhammad Nizam Zainal Abidin  1 , Lukka Thuyavan Yogarathinam  1
Affiliations

ZrO2-TiO2 Incorporated PVDF Dual-Layer Hollow Fiber Membrane for Oily Wastewater Treatment: Effect of Air Gap

Nurshahnawal Yaacob et al. Membranes (Basel). .

Abstract

Dual-layer hollow fiber (DLHF) nanocomposite membrane prepared by co-extrusion technique allows a uniform distribution of nanoparticles within the membrane outer layer to enhance the membrane performance. The effects of spinning parameters especially the air gap on the physico-chemical properties of ZrO2-TiO2 nanoparticles incorporated PVDF DLHF membranes for oily wastewater treatment have been investigated in this study. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was measured to be around -16.5 mV. FESEM-EDX verified the uniform distribution of Ti, Zr, and O elements throughout the nanoparticle sample and the TEM images showed an average nanoparticles grain size of ~12 nm. Meanwhile, the size distribution intensity was around 716 nm. A lower air gap was found to suppress the macrovoid growth which resulted in the formation of thin outer layer incorporated with nanoparticles. The improvement in the separation performance of PVDF DLHF membranes embedded with ZrO2-TiO2 nanoparticles by about 5.7% in comparison to the neat membrane disclosed that the incorporation of ZrO2-TiO2 nanoparticles make them potentially useful for oily wastewater treatment.

Keywords: air gap; dual-layer hollow fiber; hollow fiber spinning; oily wastewater treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of the dual-layer hollow fiber (DLHF) membrane structure with ZrO2-TiO2 embedded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) outer layer and PVDF inner layer.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Zeta potential of ZrO2-TiO2 nanoparticles with inset showing the deconvolution of two peaks.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of ZrO2-TiO2 nanoparticles. (a) TiO2 crystal spacing with inset shows the peaks and the percentage of elemental composition and (b) Small agglomeration and dispersion of nanoparticles.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Distribution of ZrO2-TiO2 nanoparticles
Figure 5
Figure 5
The overall (×100 magnification) structure of DLHF membranes spun at air gap of 5 cm for (a) DL-ZT0 and (b) DL-ZT1.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The cross-section (×300 magnification) structure of DL-ZT0 membranes spun at different air gap of (a) 5 cm, (b) 10 cm, (c) 20 cm, (d) 30 cm, (e) 40 cm, and (f) 50 cm.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The cross-section (×300 magnification) structure of DL-ZT1 membranes spun at different air gap of (a) 5 cm, (b) 10 cm, (c) 20 cm, (d) 30 cm, (e) 40 cm, and (f) 50 cm.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic illustration of the effect of air gap on DLHF membrane structure.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Contact angle measurement with increasing air gap length.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Effect of air gap on flux and oil rejection.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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