Influenza virus glycoprotein-reactive human monoclonal antibodies

Abstract

Influenza continues to be a significant public health challenge. Two glycoproteins on the surface of influenza virus, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, play a prominent role in the process of influenza virus infection and release. Monoclonal antibodies targeting glycoproteins can effectively prevent the spread of the virus. In this review, we summarized currently reported human monoclonal antibodies targeting glycoproteins of influenza A and B viruses.

Keywords: Glycoproteins; Hemagglutinin; Influenza A virus; Influenza B virus; Monoclonal antibodies; Neuraminidase.

Fig. 1

The structure of glycoproteins.A. The structure of the virus, HA and NA. B. Comparison of Head and Stalk with HA1 and HA2.

Fig. 2

An overview of the process of virus infection, replication and release. A, B The virus binds to host sialic acid by HA and enters the cell by endocytosis; NA enhances the HA-mediated membrane fusion process, facilitating virus entry. C, D The low pH of the endosome causes the viral envelope to fuse with the endosomal membrane, and the viral genetic material, vRNPs, is released into the cytoplasm. E vRNPs enter the nucleus and initiate the transcription process, replicating various viral proteins and RNAs. F, G The synthesized viral components and vRNPs are processed and transported by Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum to complete the assembly of virions on the host cell membrane. H The progeny virus is released.

Fig. 3

Epitope overview of mAbs targeting influenza virus glycoproteins. The gray part represents the glycoproteins, the other color parts represent the mAbs recognition epitopes, similar epitopes are represented by the same color. A. Top view of influenza A HA. B. Front view of influenza A HA. C. Front view of influenza B HA. D. Top view of influenza A NA.