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Review
. 2020 Jun 18;25(12):2811.
doi: 10.3390/molecules25122811.

Cultivation of Mushrooms and Their Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production Through the Utilization of Agro-Industrial Waste

Jaturong Kumla  1   2 , Nakarin Suwannarach  1   2 , Kanaporn Sujarit  3 , Watsana Penkhrue  4   5 , Pattana Kakumyan  6 , Kritsana Jatuwong  1   2 , Santhiti Vadthanarat  1   2 , Saisamorn Lumyong  1   2   7
Affiliations
Review

Cultivation of Mushrooms and Their Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production Through the Utilization of Agro-Industrial Waste

Jaturong Kumla et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

A large amount of agro-industrial waste is produced worldwide in various agricultural sectors and by different food industries. The disposal and burning of this waste have created major global environmental problems. Agro-industrial waste mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, all of which are collectively defined as lignocellulosic materials. This waste can serve as a suitable substrate in the solid-state fermentation process involving mushrooms. Mushrooms degrade lignocellulosic substrates through lignocellulosic enzyme production and utilize the degraded products to produce their fruiting bodies. Therefore, mushroom cultivation can be considered a prominent biotechnological process for the reduction and valorization of agro-industrial waste. Such waste is generated as a result of the eco-friendly conversion of low-value by-products into new resources that can be used to produce value-added products. Here, we have produced a brief review of the current findings through an overview of recently published literature. This overview has focused on the use of agro-industrial waste as a growth substrate for mushroom cultivation and lignocellulolytic enzyme production.

Keywords: lignocellulolytic enzymes; lignocellulosic materials; mushroom cultivation; solid state fermentation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Main composition of agro-industrial wastes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Data of global mushroom production during 2004–2018 from FAOSTAT [56].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Examples of some commercially important cultivated mushrooms.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Scheme of the main enzymes involved in the lignocellulosic degradation process.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Enzymes involved in cellulose degradation.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Enzymes involved in xylan degradation.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Enzymes involved in mannan degradation.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Enzymes involved in arabinan degradation.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Typical reaction of laccase on phenols oxidation modifled from Minussi et al. [244].
Figure 10
Figure 10
General reaction catalyzed by lignin peroxidase. (A) cleavage of C-C of lignin, (B) oxidation of veratryl alcohol is generally used to estimate the lignin peroxidase activity.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Lignin depolymerisation with manganese peroxidase [259].
Figure 12
Figure 12
Scheme of the versatile peroxidase catalytic cycle [265].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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