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Review
. 2020 Jun 18;17(12):4385.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124385.

Lead Toxicity and Pollution in Poland

Angelika Edyta Charkiewicz  1 , Jeffrey R Backstrand  2
Affiliations
Review

Lead Toxicity and Pollution in Poland

Angelika Edyta Charkiewicz et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Human exposure to lead can occur in a variety of ways, all of which involve exposure to potentially toxic elements as environmental pollutants. Lead enters the body via ingestion and inhalation from sources such as soil, food, lead dust and lead in products of everyday use and in the workplace. The aim of this review is to describe the toxic effects of lead on the human body from conception to adulthood, and to review the situation regarding lead toxicity in Poland.

Results: Pb is very dangerous when it is absorbed and accumulates in the main organs of the body, where it can cause a range of symptoms that vary from person to person, the time of exposure and dose. Lead in adults can cause an increase in blood pressure, slow nerve conduction, fatigue, mood swings, drowsiness, impaired concentration, fertility disorders, decreased sex drive, headaches, constipation and, in severe cases, encephalopathy or death.

Conclusions: Exposure to lead in Poland remains an important public health problem. This review will cover the range of lead exposures, from mild to heavy. Public health interventions and policies also are needed to reduce occupational and environmental exposure to this element.

Keywords: lead absorption; lead exposure; lead poisoning; lead’s effects.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Exposure to lead pollution and possible health effects in humans (Adopted from: [2]).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Absorption, distribution and excretion of Pb from the body (thin arrows—absorption paths; bold arrows—excreting pathways; dashed arrows—movement inside the body. The main locations of Pb in the body (blood, bones, soft tissues) [4,18,19].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Possible sources of lead poisoning among children in the home environment (Adopted from: [2]).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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