Application of Trichoderma harzianum, 6-pentyl-α-pyrone and Plant Biopolymer Formulations Modulate Plant Metabolism and Fruit Quality of Plum Tomatoes

Abstract

Many Trichoderma are successfully used to improve agriculture productivity due to their capacity for biocontrol and to stimulate plant growth and tolerance to abiotic stress. This research elucidates the effect of applications with Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 (T22), or biopolymer (BP) alone or in combination (BP + T22 or BP + 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP); a Trichoderma secondary metabolite) on the crop performance, nutritional and functional quality of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cultivar Pixel). T22 elicited significant increases in total yield (+40.1%) compared to untreated tomato. The content of lycopene, an important antioxidant compound in tomatoes, significantly increased upon treatment with T22 (+ 49%), BP + T22 (+ 40%) and BP + 6PP (+ 52%) compared to the control. T22 treatments significantly increased the content of asparagine (+37%), GABA (+87%) and MEA (+102%) over the control; whereas BP alone strongly increased GABA (+105%) and MEA (+85%). The synthesis of these compounds implies that tomato plants are able to reuse the photorespiratory amino acids and ammonium for producing useful metabolites and reduce the pressure of photorespiration on plant metabolism, thus optimizing photosynthesis and growth. Finally, these metabolites exert many beneficial effects for human health, thus enhancing the premium quality of plum tomatoes.

Keywords: GABA; Pluronic F-127; Solanum lycopersicum L.; amino acids; carboxymethyl cellulose; lycopene; microbial biostimulant; non-microbial biostimulant.

Figure 1

Effects of Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 (T22) or biopolymer (BP) applications alone, or in combinations of BP + T22 or BP + 6-pentyl-α-pyrone [6PP] (BP + 6PP), on fresh yield (A), fruit number per plant (B) and mean fruit weight (C) of greenhouse plum tomato. The control was not treated with biostimulants (Ctrl). Values are the means of three replicates ± SE. Different letters indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s test (p = 0.05).

Figure 2

Principal component loading plot and scores of principal component analysis (PCA) of morphological parameters, starch, soluble carbohydrates, polyphenols, lycopene and soluble protein and amino acid profiles of greenhouse tomato as affected by different treatments: Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 (T22) or biopolymer (BP) alone or in combination (BP + T22 or BP + 6PP). The control was not treated with biostimulants (Ctrl).