B₀ shimming for in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Experts' consensus recommendations

Christoph Juchem¹, Cristina Cudalbu², Robin A de Graaf³, Rolf Gruetter⁴, Anke Henning^{5

6}, Hoby P Hetherington⁷, Vincent O Boer⁸

Affiliations

¹ Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
² Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
³ Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
⁴ Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁵ Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
⁶ Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany.
⁷ Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
⁸ Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.

PMID: 32596978
DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4350

B₀ shimming for in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Experts' consensus recommendations

Christoph Juchem et al. NMR Biomed. 2021 May.

. 2021 May;34(5):e4350.

doi: 10.1002/nbm.4350. Epub 2020 Jun 28.

Authors

Christoph Juchem¹, Cristina Cudalbu², Robin A de Graaf³, Rolf Gruetter⁴, Anke Henning^{5

6}, Hoby P Hetherington⁷, Vincent O Boer⁸

Affiliations

¹ Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
² Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
³ Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
⁴ Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁵ Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
⁶ Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany.
⁷ Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
⁸ Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.

PMID: 32596978
DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4350

Abstract

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) allow the chemical analysis of physiological processes in vivo and provide powerful tools in the life sciences and for clinical diagnostics. Excellent homogeneity of the static B₀ magnetic field over the object of interest is essential for achieving high-quality spectral results and quantitative metabolic measurements. The experimental minimization of B₀ variation is performed in a process called B₀ shimming. In this article, we summarize the concepts of B₀ field shimming using spherical harmonic shimming techniques, specific strategies for B₀ homogenization and crucial factors to consider for implementation and use in both brain and body. In addition, experts' recommendations are provided for minimum requirements for B₀ shim hardware and evaluation criteria for the primary outcome of adequate B₀ shimming for MRS and MRSI, such as the water spectroscopic linewidth.

Keywords: B0 magnetic field; homogenization; shimming; spherical harmonic functions.

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B₀ shimming for in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Experts' consensus recommendations

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B₀ shimming for in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Experts' consensus recommendations

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