Epidemiology of genital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in Iran; a systematic review and meta-analysis study (2000-2019)

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08962-5

Meta-Analysis

. 2020 Jun 29;20(1):1020.

doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08962-5.

Epidemiology of genital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in Iran; a systematic review and meta-analysis study (2000-2019)

Khadijeh Moridi^{1

2

3

4}, Mohammad Hemmaty^{5

6}, Amir Azimian⁷, Mohammad Hosein Fallah⁸, Hamid Khaneghahi Abyaneh^{8

9}, Kiarash Ghazvini^{10

11}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
² Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
³ Vice Chancellory for Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁴ Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁵ Branch Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran.
⁶ Salim Immune Production Co.Technology Incbator of Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Ahmad abad str, Mashhad, Iran.
⁷ Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, bojnurd, Iran.
⁸ Branch Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
⁹ Department of Food Hygiene and Quality control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰ Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Ghazvinik@mums.ac.ir.
¹¹ Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Ghazvinik@mums.ac.ir.

PMID: 32600306
PMCID: PMC7322857
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08962-5

Meta-Analysis

Epidemiology of genital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in Iran; a systematic review and meta-analysis study (2000-2019)

Khadijeh Moridi et al. BMC Public Health. 2020.

. 2020 Jun 29;20(1):1020.

doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08962-5.

Authors

Khadijeh Moridi^{1

2

3

4}, Mohammad Hemmaty^{5

6}, Amir Azimian⁷, Mohammad Hosein Fallah⁸, Hamid Khaneghahi Abyaneh^{8

9}, Kiarash Ghazvini^{10

11}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
² Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
³ Vice Chancellory for Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁴ Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁵ Branch Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran.
⁶ Salim Immune Production Co.Technology Incbator of Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Ahmad abad str, Mashhad, Iran.
⁷ Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, bojnurd, Iran.
⁸ Branch Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
⁹ Department of Food Hygiene and Quality control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁰ Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Ghazvinik@mums.ac.ir.
¹¹ Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Ghazvinik@mums.ac.ir.

PMID: 32600306
PMCID: PMC7322857
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08962-5

Abstract

Background: Although many species of mycoplasmas regard as normal flora, but some species causes serious genital disease. In Iran several epidemiological studies have documented the prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in genital disorders. This meta-analysis is going to represent the prevalence of M. hominis, M. genitalium and U. urealyticum among Iranian couples and the correlation between mycoplasmas infection and infertility.

Methods: We search online databases from January 2000 to June 2019. We used following MeSH keywords (Prevalence, M. hominis, M. genitalium, U. urealyticum, male, female, fertility, Infertility, genitourinary tract infection and Iran) with all possible combinations with "OR" and "AND". Finally, forty-four articles from 2670 were chosen for data extraction and analysis by software using STATA version 14.0.

Results: This meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of U. urealyticum was 17.53% in Iran and the prevalence of M. genitalium and M. hominis were 11.33 and 9.68% respectively. The rate of M. genitalium, M. hominis and U. urealyticum infection in women with symptoms of genitourinary tract infection was higher than men with genitourinary tract infection (6.46% vs 5.4, 7.67% vs 5.88 and 21.04% vs 12.13%, respectively). As expected, the prevalence of M. genitalium, U. urealyticum and M. hominis among infertile women (12.73, 19.58 and 10.81%) were higher than fertile women (3%, 10. 85% and 4. 35%). Similarly, the prevalence of M. hominis and U. urealyticum among infertile men (14 and 21.18%) were higher than fertile men (4 and 3%). Based on this analysis, the rate of U. urealyticum was higher than M. genitalium and M. hominis among infertile men and women compared to the fertile group. The prevalence rate of M. genitalium, M. hominis and U. urealyticum in central provinces is higher than other parts of Iran.

Conclusions: This meta-analysis reemphasizes a significant relationship between the infertility rate and U. urealyticum, M. genitalium and M. hominis infections. Our finding help to plan the prevalence map of M. hominis, M. genitalium and U. urealyticum in Iran but further studies are needed to suggest routine screening of the pathogens.

Keywords: Infertility; Iran; M. Genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Ureaplasma urealyticum.

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Conflict of interest statement

No conflicts of interest are declared.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Flow chart of the literature search, systematic review and study selection

**Fig. 2**
Forest plot of the meta-analysis of the prevalence of *M.genitalium* in Iran based on analytical method

**Fig. 3**
Forest plot of the meta-analysis of the prevalence of *M. hominis* in Iran based on analytical method

**Fig. 4**
Forest plot of the meta-analysis of the prevalence of *U. urealyticum* in Iran based on analytical method

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

1. Jironkin A, Brown RJ, Underwood A, Chalker VJ, Spiller OB. Genomic determination of minimum multi-locus sequence typing schemas to represent the genomic phylogeny of Mycoplasma hominis. BMC Genomics. 2016;17(1):16. - PMC - PubMed
1. Bébéar CM, Pereyre S. Infections à « Mycoplasma hominis ». EMC - Mal Infect. 2004;1(1):1–6.
1. Wolf M, Müller T, Dandekar T, Pollack JD. Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma (Mollicutes) as inferred from phosphoglycerate kinase amino acid sequence data. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54(3):871–875. - PubMed
1. Weisburg WG, Tully JG, Rose DL, Petzel JP, Oyaizu H, Yang D, et al. A phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. J Bacteriol. 1989;171(12):6455–6467. - PMC - PubMed
1. Lokken E. Recent bacterial vaginosis is associated with the acquisition of Mycoplasma genitalium: University of Washington; ProQuest. 2015.

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[1] Jironkin A, Brown RJ, Underwood A, Chalker VJ, Spiller OB. Genomic determination of minimum multi-locus sequence typing schemas to represent the genomic phylogeny of Mycoplasma hominis. BMC Genomics. 2016;17(1):16. - PMC - PubMed

[2] Jironkin A, Brown RJ, Underwood A, Chalker VJ, Spiller OB. Genomic determination of minimum multi-locus sequence typing schemas to represent the genomic phylogeny of Mycoplasma hominis. BMC Genomics. 2016;17(1):16. - PMC - PubMed

[3] Bébéar CM, Pereyre S. Infections à « Mycoplasma hominis ». EMC - Mal Infect. 2004;1(1):1–6.

[4] Bébéar CM, Pereyre S. Infections à « Mycoplasma hominis ». EMC - Mal Infect. 2004;1(1):1–6.

[5] Wolf M, Müller T, Dandekar T, Pollack JD. Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma (Mollicutes) as inferred from phosphoglycerate kinase amino acid sequence data. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54(3):871–875. - PubMed

[6] Wolf M, Müller T, Dandekar T, Pollack JD. Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma (Mollicutes) as inferred from phosphoglycerate kinase amino acid sequence data. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54(3):871–875. - PubMed

[7] Weisburg WG, Tully JG, Rose DL, Petzel JP, Oyaizu H, Yang D, et al. A phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. J Bacteriol. 1989;171(12):6455–6467. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Weisburg WG, Tully JG, Rose DL, Petzel JP, Oyaizu H, Yang D, et al. A phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. J Bacteriol. 1989;171(12):6455–6467. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Lokken E. Recent bacterial vaginosis is associated with the acquisition of Mycoplasma genitalium: University of Washington; ProQuest. 2015.

[10] Lokken E. Recent bacterial vaginosis is associated with the acquisition of Mycoplasma genitalium: University of Washington; ProQuest. 2015.

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Epidemiology of genital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in Iran; a systematic review and meta-analysis study (2000-2019)

Affiliations

Epidemiology of genital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in Iran; a systematic review and meta-analysis study (2000-2019)

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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