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. 2020 Jun 28;25(13):2975.
doi: 10.3390/molecules25132975.

Hybrid Nanocellulose-Copper (II) Oxide as Engine Oil Additives for Tribological Behavior Improvement

Sakinah Hisham  1 , Kumaran Kadirgama  1 , Hussein A Mohammed  2 , Amit Kumar  1 , Devarajan Ramasamy  1 , Mahendran Samykano  3 , Saidur Rahman  4   5
Affiliations

Hybrid Nanocellulose-Copper (II) Oxide as Engine Oil Additives for Tribological Behavior Improvement

Sakinah Hisham et al. Molecules. .

Erratum in

Abstract

Friction and wear are the main factors in the failure of the piston in automobile engines. The objective of this work was to improve the tribological behaviour and lubricant properties using hybrid Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) and Copper (II) oxide nanoparticles blended with SAE 40 as a base fluid. The two-step method was used in the hybrid nanofluid preparation. Three different concentrations were prepared in a range of 0.1% to 0.5%. Kinematic viscosity and viscosity index were also identified. The friction and wear behavior were evaluated using a tribometer based on ASTM G181. The CNC-CuO nano lubricant shows a significant improvement in term of viscosity index by 44.3-47.12% while for friction, the coefficient of friction (COF) decreases by 1.5%, respectively, during high and low-speed loads (boundary regime), and 30.95% during a high-speed, and low load (mixed regime). The wear morphologies results also show that a smoother surface was obtained after using CNC-CuO nano lubricant compared to SAE 40.

Keywords: cellulose nanocrystal; copper (II) oxide; friction; wear.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of tribological testing.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FESEM image for dry CNC.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Particle size distribution.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FESEM image for dry CNC-CuO nanoparticle powder.
Figure 5
Figure 5
TEM image for CNC-CuO nanoparticle suspension.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Area spectrum for CNC nanoparticles and EDX percentage of element in CNC nanoparticle.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Area spectrum for CNC nanoparticles and EDX percentage of element in CNC nanoparticle.
Figure 8
Figure 8
UV-Vis spectrum for a concentration from 0.1% to 0.5%.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Value of absorbance peak every week.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Absorbance ratio for all concentration.
Figure 11
Figure 11
(a) Sedimentation at 0 week, (b) Sedimentation at 4 weeks.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Kinematic viscosity of SAE 40 and different concentration of CNC-CuO nanolubricant.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Viscosity index of SAE 40 and different concentrations.
Figure 14
Figure 14
COF results for lubricant sample at low-speed high load.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Average COF results at low-speed high load.
Figure 16
Figure 16
COF results for lubricant sample at high speed low load.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Average COF results at high speed low load.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Wear quantity at (a) SAE 40 (b) 0.5.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Wear morphologies at (a) SAE 40, (b) 0.5 CNC-CuO.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Front view of CNC-CuO based nano lubricant mechanism.
Figure 21
Figure 21
Sliding and non-sliding area of contact.
Figure 22
Figure 22
EDX spectrum of sliding and non-sliding contac.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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