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. 2020 Jun 23:8:e8642.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.8642. eCollection 2020.

A new large canopy-dwelling species of Phyllodytes Wagler, 1930 (Anura, Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil

Iuri R Dias  1 , Gabriel Novaes-E-Fagundes  1 , Antonio Mollo Neto  2 , Juliana Zina  3 , Caroline Garcia  3 , Renato Sousa Recoder  2 , Francisco Dal Vechio  2 , Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues  2 , Mirco Solé  1   4
Affiliations

A new large canopy-dwelling species of Phyllodytes Wagler, 1930 (Anura, Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil

Iuri R Dias et al. PeerJ. .

Abstract

The known diversity of treefrogs of the genus Phyllodytes has rapidly increased in recent years, currently comprising 14 species. Recent field work in the Atlantic Rainforest of the state of Bahia lead to the discovery of a new large species of Phyllodytes which is herein described based on multiple evidence including morphological, acoustical and genetic data. Phyllodytes sp. nov. is one of the largest species within the genus and presents immaculate yellowish dorsum and limbs. The advertisement call of the species is composed of 7-31 notes (half pulsed/pulsatile-half harmonic) with frequency-modulated harmonics. Phyllodytes sp. nov. has a karyotype of 2n = 22 chromosomes, as also found in other species of the genus. Genetic distance values of the 16S mitochondrial rRNA among Phyllodytes sp. nov. and its congeners range between 6.4 to 10.2%. The description of another new species for this state reinforces the need for further taxonomic work with Phyllodytes in this region that has been revealed as a priority area for research and conservation of this genus.

Keywords: Amphibia; Biodiversity; Bromeliad; Integrative taxonomy; Lophyohylini.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Holotype of Phyllodytes magnus sp. nov. (MZUESC 18264; SVL 36.4 mm).
(A) Dorsal and (B) ventral view of the body. Scale bar = 10 mm.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Holotype of Phyllodytes magnus sp. nov. (MZUESC 18264).
(A) Dorsal view of the head; (B) Lateral view of the head (left side); (C) Plantar view of the left hand and (D) Plantar view of the left foot. Scale bar = two mm.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Phyllodytes magnus sp. nov (A, B, C, D), P. maculosus (E) and P. kautskyi (F) in life.
Phyllodytes magnus sp. nov, holotype (MZUESC 18264) in (A) dorsal and (C) ventral view and paratype (MZUESC 18265) in (B) dorsal and (D) ventral view. In (E) P. maculosus and (F) P. kautskyi.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Skull of Phyllodytes magnus sp. nov.
(A - dorsal, B - ventral and C - front view) = Adult (MZUSP 157524) and (D - front view) = juvenile (MZUSP 157526); Scale bar = two mm. Abbreviations: al p pm, alary process of premaxilla; angspl, angulosplenial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; max, maxilla; mmk, mentomeckelian bone; nas, nasal; opt f, optic foramen; pm, premaxilla; pro, prootic; pro f, prootic foramen; prsph, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; vom, vomer; vt, vomerine teeth.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Tadpole of Phyllodytes magnus sp. nov.
Tadpole at Gosner stage 35 (MZUSP 157525) from Wenceslau Guimarães municipality, State of Bahia, Brazil. (A) oral apparatus, (B) lateral, (C) dorsal and (D) ventral views. Scale bar = one mm (A) and five mm (B, C and D).
Figure 6
Figure 6. Advertisement call of Phyllodytes magnus sp. nov.
Graphic representations of the advertisement call of the paratype MZUESC 18265 (A–D) and of the holotype MZUESC 18264 (E–H) of Phyllodytes magnus sp. nov. A and E: waveform of an entire call. B and F: waveform and spectrogram of one note; vertical arrow in waveform in B indicates the constriction of the waveform (see text for explanation); horizontal arrows in the spectrogram indicate the harmonics; vertical dashed lines in the spectrograms indicate the position of the spectrogram slices. C and G: spectrogram slice of the first part of the note (indicated by the left vertical line) in B and F, respectively; arrows in C indicate the sidebands, multiples of ∼0.4 kHz (see text for explanation). D and H: spectrogram slice of the second part of the note (indicated by the right vertical line) in B and F, respectively; arrows indicate the harmonics, multiples of ∼1.07 kHz (see text for explanation). Spectrographic views settings: window type: Hann, window size: 512 samples, 3 dB filter bandwidth: 124 Hz, time grid overlap: 90%, time grid size: 51 samples, frequency grid DFT size: 512 samples, frequency grid spacing: 86.1 Hz. Call voucher –FNJV 40997 (holotype) and FNJV 41382-41384 (MZUESC 18265).
Figure 7
Figure 7. Phylogenetic relationship of genus Phyllodytes through 16S mitochondrial rRNA fragment gene (791 bp).
Bayesian posterior probabilities values are indicated close to the branches.
Figure 8
Figure 8. Karyotype of Phyllodytes magnus sp. nov.
Giemsa staining (A) and C-banding (B). Highlighted are the NOR-bearing chromosomes after silver nitrate staining (C) and FISH with 18S rDNA probe (D).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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