Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 Aug 1;27(8):809-907.
doi: 10.5551/jat.53660. Epub 2020 Jul 4.

Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement on the Management of Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report from the Asian Pacific Society of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Disease Asia-Pacific Peripheral Artery Disease Consensus Statement Project Committee

Maria Teresa B Abola  1 , Jonathan Golledge  2 , Tetsuro Miyata  3 , Seung-Woon Rha  4 , Bryan P Yan  5 , Timothy C Dy  6 , Marie Simonette V Ganzon  7 , Pankaj Kumar Handa  8 , Salim Harris  9 , Jiang Zhisheng  10 , Ramakrishna Pinjala  11 , Peter Ashley Robless  12 , Hiroyoshi Yokoi  13 , Elaine B Alajar  14 , April Ann Bermudez-Delos Santos  15 , Elmer Jasper B Llanes  16 , Gay Marjorie Obrado-Nabablit  15 , Noemi S Pestaño  15 , Felix Eduardo Punzalan  17 , Bernadette Tumanan-Mendoza  18
Affiliations

Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement on the Management of Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report from the Asian Pacific Society of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Disease Asia-Pacific Peripheral Artery Disease Consensus Statement Project Committee

Maria Teresa B Abola et al. J Atheroscler Thromb. .

Erratum in

Abstract

Background: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the most underdiagnosed, underestimated and undertreated of the atherosclerotic vascular diseases despite its poor prognosis. There may be racial or contextual differences in the Asia-Pacific region as to epidemiology, availability of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and even patient treatment response. The Asian Pacific Society of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Diseases (APSAVD) thus coordinated the development of an Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement (APCS) on the Management of PAD.

Objectives: The APSAVD aimed to accomplish the following: 1) determine the applicability of the 2016 AHA/ACC guidelines on the Management of Patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease to the Asia-Pacific region; 2) review Asia-Pacific literature; and 3) increase the awareness of PAD.

Methodology: A Steering Committee was organized to oversee development of the APCS, appoint a Technical Working Group (TWG) and Consensus Panel (CP). The TWG appraised the relevance of the 2016 AHA/ACC PAD Guideline and proposed recommendations which were reviewed by the CP using a modified Delphi technique.

Results: A total of 91 recommendations were generated covering history and physical examination, diagnosis, and treatment of PAD-3 new recommendations, 31 adaptations and 57 adopted statements. This Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement on the Management of PAD constitutes the first for the Asia-Pacific Region. It is intended for use by health practitioners involved in preventing, diagnosing and treating patients with PAD and ultimately the patients and their families themselves.

Keywords: Acute limb ischemia; Critical limb ischemia; Intermittent claudication; Peripheral artery disease.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

[Table: see text]

[Table: see text]

[Table: see text]

References

Executive Summary

    1. Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, Aboyans V, Denenerg JO, McDermott MM, Norman PE, Sampson UA, Williams LJ, Mensa GA, Criqui MH. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet, 2013; 382: 1329-1340 - PubMed
    1. Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL., Barrett C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, Fleisher LA, Fowkes FGR, Hamburg NM, Kinlay S, Lookstein R, Misra S, Mureebe L, Olin JW, Patel RAG, Regensteiner JG, Schanzer A, Shishehbor MH, Stewart KJ, Treat-Jacobson D, Walsh ME. 2016 AHA/ACC Guidelines on the Management of Patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2017; 69: e71-e126 - PubMed
    1. Timonera MR, Aw MM, Lim SG, Dans AL, Dans LF: Chapter 2 Evaluation of Articles on Therapy. In: Painless Evidence Based Medicine, 2nd edition, ed. by Dans AL, Dans LF, Silvestre MA, pp. 12-37, John D. Wiley, USA, 2017
    1. Uy EJ, Ooi SB, Dans AL, Dans LF, Silvestre MA: Chapter 3 Evaluation of Articles on Diagnosis. In: Painless Evidence Based Medicine, 2nd edition, ed. by Dans AL, Dans LF, Silvestre MA, pp. 38-57, John D. Wiley, USA, 2017
    1. Anand SS, Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Diaz R, Widimsky P, Aboyans V, Alings M, Kakkar AK, Keltai K, Maggioni AP, Lewis BS, Störk S, Zhu J, Lopez-Jaramillo P, O'Donnell M, Commerford PJ, Vinereanu D, Pogosova N, Ryden L, Fox KAA, Bhatt DL, Misselwitz F, Varigos JD, Vanassche T, Avezum AA, Chen E, Branch K, Leong DP, Bangdiwala SI, Hart RG, Yusuf S, COMPASS Investigators Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2018; 391: 219-229 - PubMed

Introduction

    1. Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, Aboyans V, Denenerg JO, McDermott MM, Norman PE, Sampson UA, Williams LJ, Mensa GA, Criqui MH. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet, 2013; 382: 1329-1340 - PubMed
    1. Dans AL, Morales DD, Velandria F, Abola MTB, Roxas A, Jr, Punzalan FE, Sy RAG, Paz-Pacheco E, Amarillo L, Villaruz MV. National Nutrition and Health Survey (NNHeS): Atherosclerosis - Related Diseases and Risk Factors. Phil J Internal Medicine, 2005; 43: 103-115
    1. Sritara P, Sritara C, Woodward M, Wangsuphachart S, Barzi F, Hengprasith B, Yipintsoi T. Prevalence and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease in a selected Thai population. Angiology, 2007; 58: 572-578 - PubMed
    1. Yeo TC, Chan YH, Low LP, Venketasubramanian N, Lim SC, Tay JC, Tan RS, Eng P, Lingamanaicker J, REACH Investigators Risk factor profile and treatment patterns of patients with atherothrombosis in Singapore: insight from the REACH registry. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 2008; 37: 365-371 - PubMed
    1. Cacoub PP, Abola MTB, Baumgartner I, Bhatt DL, Creager MA, Liau CS, Goto S, Röther J, Steg PG, Hirsch AT, REACH Registry Investigators Cardiovascular risk factor control and outcomes in peripheral artery disease patients in the reduction of atherothrombosis for continued health (REACH) Registry. Atherosclerosis, 2009; 204: e6-92 - PubMed

How to Use this Consensus Statement

    1. Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, Fleisher LA, Fowkes FGR, Hamburg NM, Kinlay S, Lookstein R, Misra S, Mureebe L, Olin JW, Patel RAG, Regensteiner JG, Schanzer A, Shishehbor MH, Stewart KJ, Treat-Jacobson D, Walsh ME. 2016 AHA/ACC Guidelines on the Management of Patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2017; 69: e71-e126 - PubMed

Chapters

Background
    1. Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, Aboyans V, Denenerg JO, McDermott MM, Norman PE, Sampson UA, Williams LJ, Mensa GA, Criqui MH. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: systematic review and analysis. Lancet, 2013; 382: 1329-1340 - PubMed
Consensus Statement Development Methods
    1. Palileo-Villanueva LM, Tumanan-Mendoza BA, Silvestre MA, Dans LF, Dans AL: Chapter 7 Evaluation of Clinical Practice Guidelines. In: Painless Evidence-based Medicine, 2nd edition, ed. by Dans AL, Dans LF, Silvestre MA, pp. 38-57, John D. Wiley, USA, 2017
    1. Timonera MR, Aw MM, Lim SG, Dans AL, Dans LF: Chapter 2 Evaluation of Articles on Therapy. In: Painless Evidence-based Medicine, 2nd edition, ed. by Dans AL, Dans LF, Silvestre MA, pp. 12-37, John D. Wiley, USA, 2017
    1. Uy EJ, Ooi SB, Dans AL, Dans LF, Silvestre MA: Chapter 3 Evaluation of Articles on Diagnosis. In: Painless Evidence-based Medicine, 2nd edition, ed. by Dans AL, Dans LF, Silvestre MA, pp. 38-57, John D. Wiley, USA, 2017
    1. Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, O'Brien BJ, Stoddart GL. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. 3rded. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005
    1. Anand SS, Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Diaz R, Widimsky P, Aboyans V, Alings M, Kakkar AK, Keltai K, Maggioni AP, Lewis BS, Störk S, Zhu J, Lopez-Jaramillo P, O'Donnell M, Commerford PJ, Vinereanu D, Pogosova N, Ryden L, Fox KAA, Bhatt DL, Misselwitz F, Varigos JD, Vanassche T, Avezum AA, Chen E, Branch K, Leong DP, Bangdiwala SI, Hart RG, Yusuf S, COMPASS Investigators Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2018; 391: 219-229 - PubMed
Results
    1. Palileo-Villanueva LM, Tumanan-Mendoza BA, Silvestre MA, Dans LF, Dans AL, Chapter 7 Appraisal of clinical practice guidelines. In: Painless Evidence Based Medicine, 2nd edition ed by Dans AL, Dans LF, Silvestre MA, pp 100-111, John D. Wiley, USA, 2017
    1. Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, Fleisher LA, Fowkes FGR, Hamburg NM, Kinlay S, Lookstein R, Misra S, Mureebe L, Olin JW, Patel RAG, Regensteiner JG, Schanzer A, Shishehbor MH, Stewart KJ, Treat-Jacobson D, Walsh ME. 2016 AHA/ACC Guidelines on the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2017, 69: e71-e126 - PubMed
    1. Anand SS, Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Diaz R, Widimsky P, Aboyans V, Alings M, Kakkar AK, Keltai K, Maggioni AP, Lewis BS, Störk S, Zhu J, Lopez-Jaramillo P, O'Donnell M, Commerford PJ, Vinereanu D, Pogosova N, Ryden L, Fox KAA, Bhatt DL, Misselwitz F, Varigos JD, Vanassche T, Avezum AA, Chen E, Branch K, Leong DP, Bangdiwala SI, Hart RG, Yusuf S, COMPASS Investigators Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2018; 391(10117): 219-229 - PubMed
    1. Hiatt W, Fowkes G, Heizer G, Berger J, Baumgartner I, Held P, Katona B, Mahaffey K, Norgren L, Jones W, Blomster J, Millegård M, Reist C, Patel M, for the EUCLID Trial Steering Committee and Investigators NEJM, 2017; 376: 32-40
    1. Adaptations of 2016 AHA/ACC Statements: Recommendations 1, 3, 4,16, 21, 24, 25, 32, 34, 35, 41, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 61, 64, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 83
Appraisal
Clinical Assessment for PAD
Recommendation 1 (other articles are cited in Table 4)
    1. Cacoub PP, Abola MTB, Baumgartner I, Bhatt DL, Creager MA, Liau CS, Goto S, Röther J, Steg PG, Hirsch AT. Cardiovascular risk factor control and outcomes in peripheral artery disease patients in the reduction of atherothrombosis for continued health (REACH) Registry. Atherosclerosis, 2009; 204: e86-92 - PubMed
    1. He Y, Jiang Y, Wang J, Fan L, Li X, Hu FB. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and its association with smoking in a population-based study in Beijing, China. J Vasc Surg, 2006; 44: 333-338 - PubMed
    1. Kuswardhani T, Suastika K. Age and homocysteine were risk factor for peripheral arterial disease in elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Med Indones-Indones J Intern Med, 2010; 40: 94-99 - PubMed
    1. Jabbari M, Jahromi MK, Bahar N, Yousefi-Far ES, Arabi M, Asefi N, Mahmoudian A. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in hemodialysis patients. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases, 2012; 6: 441-445 - PubMed
    1. Usui T, Ninomiya T, Nagata M, et al. Albuminuria as a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease in the general population – the Hisayama study. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 2011; 18: 705-712 - PubMed
Recommendation 2 (other articles are cited in Table 5)
    1. McDermott M, Hoff F, Pearce WH, Guralnik JM, Tian L, Liu K, Schneider JR, Sharma L, Tan J, Criqui MH. Lower extremity ischemia, calf skeletal muscle characteristics, and functional impairment in peripheral arterial disease. J Am Geriatr Soc, 2007; 55: 400-406 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gey D. Management of peripheral arterial disease. Am Fam Physician. 2004; 69: 525-532, 533 - PubMed
    1. Creager M, Beckman JA, Loscalzo J. Vascular medicine: a companion to Braunwald's heart disease 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2013; 233-234
    1. Insall RL, Davies RJ, Prout WG. Significance of Buerger's Test in the assessment of lower limb ischaemia. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1989; 82: 729-731 - PMC - PubMed
    1. McGee Steven R., MD, Boyko Edward J., MD, MPH Physical Examination and Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia. Arch Intern Med, 1998; 158: 1357-1364 - PubMed
Diagnostic Testing for the Patient with Suspected Lower Extremity PAD (Intermittent Claudication or CLI)
Resting ABI for Diagnosing PAD
Recommendation 4:
    1. Schröder F, Diehm N, Kareem S, Ames M, Pira A, Zwettler U, Lawall H, Diehm C. A modified calculation of ankle-brachial pressure index is far more sensitivie in the detection of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg, 2006; 44: 531-536 - PubMed
    1. Premalatha G, Ravikumar R, Sanjay R, Deepa R, Mohan V. Comparison of colour duplex ultrasound and anklebrachial pressure index measurements in peripheral vascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients with foot infections. J Assoc Physicians India, 2002; 50: 1240-1244 - PubMed
    1. Allen J, Oates CP, Henderson J, Jago J, Whittingham TA, Chamberlain J, Jones NA, Murray A. Comparison of lower limb arterial assessments using color-duplex ultrasound and ankle/brachial pressure index measurements. Angiology, 1996; 47: 225-232 - PubMed
    1. Lijmer JG. ROC analysis of noninvasive tests for peripheral arterial disease. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 1996; 22: 391-398 - PubMed
    1. Guo X, Li J, Pang W, Zhao M, Luo Y, Sun Y, Hu D. Sensitivity and specificity of ankle-brachial index for detecting angiographic stenosis of peripheral arteries. Circ J, 2008; 72: 605-610 - PubMed
Recommendation 5:
References for ABI Cutoff ≤ 0.90
    1. Schröder F, Diehm N, Kareem S, Ames M, Pira A, Zwettler U, Lawall H, Diehm C. A modified calculation of ankle-brachial pressure index is far more sensitivie in the detection of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg, 2006; 44: 531-536 - PubMed
    1. Lijmer JG. ROC analysis of noninvasive tests for peripheral arterial disease. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 1996; 22: 391-398 - PubMed
    1. Armstrong DW, Tobin C, Matangi MF. The accuracy of the physical examination for the detection of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Can J Cardiol, 2010; 26: e346-350 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bergiers S, Vaes B, Degryse J. To screen or not to screen for peripheral arterial disease in subjects aged 80 and over in primary health care: a cross-sectional analysis from the BELFRAIL study. BMC Fam Pract, 2011; 12-39 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Laghari S, Ullah K, Masroor I, Butt G, Kifayat F. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease diagnosed by ankle brachial index among chronic kidney disease patients in a tertiary care unit. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2015; 26: 924-930 - PubMed
References for Borderline ABI (ABI = 0.91–0.99)
    1. Zhang H, Li XY, Si YJ, Lu X-l, Luo X-S, Liu Z-y. Manifestation of lower extremity atherosclerosis in diabetic patients with high ankle-brachial index. Chin Med J (Engl), 2010; 123: 890-894 - PubMed
    1. Tanaka S, Kaneko H, Kano H, Iwamoto A, Matsumoto T, Hidaka T, Kihara Y, Chayama K, Nakashima A, Goto C, Noma K, Higashi Y. The predictive value of the borderline ankle-brachial index for long-term clinical outcomes: An observational cohort study. Atherosclerosis, 2016; 250: 69-76 - PubMed
    1. Toma Y, Ishida A, Kinjo K, Ohya Y. Change in ankle-brachial index over time in a screened Japanese cohort-the Okinawa peripheral arterial disease study. Circ J, 2016; 80: 2004-2009 - PubMed
    1. Kajikawa M, Maruhashi T, Iwamoto Y, Iwamoto A, Matsumoto T, Hidaka T, Kihara Y, Chayama K, Nakashima A, Goto C, Noma K, Higashi Y. Borderline ankle-brachial index value of 0.91–0.99 is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Circ J, 2014; 78: 1740-1745 - PubMed
    1. Ishida A, Nakachi-Miyagi M, Kinjo K, Iseki K, Ohya Y. A high normal ankle-brachial index is associated with proteinuria in a screened cohort of Japanese: the Okinawa peripheral arterial disease Study. J Hypertens, 2014; 32: 1435-1443 - PubMed
References for ABI > 1.4
    1. Armstrong DWJ, Tobin C, Matangi MF. The accuracy of the physical examination for the detection of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Can J Cardiol, 2010; 26: e346-50 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bergiers S, Vaes B, Degryse J. To screen or not to screen for peripheral arterial disease in subjects aged 80 and over in primary health care: a cross-sectional analysis from the BELFRAIL study. BMC Fam Pract, 2011; 12: 39. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Laghari S, Ullah K, Masroor I, Butt G, Kifayat F. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease diagnosed by ankle brachial index among chronic kidney disease patients in a tertiary care unit. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2015; 26: 924-930 - PubMed
    1. Li Q, Zeng H, Liu F, Shen J, Li L, Zhao J, Zhao J, Jia W. High ankle-brachial index indicates cardiovascular and peripheral arterial disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Angiology, 2015; 66: 918-924 - PubMed
    1. Li J, Hu DY, Pang WY, Guo XM, Zhao MZ, Luo YY, Qiao YX, Sun YX. [Value of measuring ankle brachial index for diagnosing peripheral arterial disease in Chinese patients with high cardiovascular risk]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi, 2008; 36: 514-516. (Article in Chinese) - PubMed
Recommendation 6:
    1. Xu D, Zou L, Xing Y, Hou L, Wei Y, Zhang J, Qiao Y, Hu D, Xu Y, Li J, Ma Y. Diagnostic value of ankle-brachial index in peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol, 2013; 29: 492-498 - PubMed
    1. Alahdab F, Wang AT, Elraiyah TA, Malgor RD, Rizvi AZ, Lane MA, Prokop LJ, Montori VM, Conte MS, Murad MH. A systematic review for the screening for peripheral arterial disease in asymptomatic patients. J Vasc Surg, 2015; 61(Suppl): 42S-53S - PubMed
Physiological Testing
Recommendation 8:
    1. Lanzer P, Boehm M., Sorribas V, Thiriet M, Janzen J, Zeller T, St Hilaire C, Shanahan C. Medial vascular calcification revisited: review and perspectives. Eur Heart J, 2014; 35: 1515-1525 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chen YG, Cook PA, McClinton MA, Espinosa RA, Wilgis EF. Microarterial anatomy of the lesser toe proximal interphalangeal joints. J Hand Surg Am, 1998; 23: 256-260 - PubMed
    1. Park SC, Choi CY, Ha YI, Yang HE. Utility of toe-brachial index for diagnosis of peripheral artery disease. Arch Plast Surg, 2012; 39: 227-231 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hoyer C, Sanderman J, Petersen LJ. The toe-brachial index in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg, 2013; 58: 231-238 - PubMed
    1. Aboyans V, Ho E, Denenberg JO, Ho LA, Natarajan L, Criqui MH. The association between elevated ankle systolic pressures and peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. J Vasc Surg, 2008; 48: 1197-1203 - PubMed
Recommendation 9:
    1. Gernigon M, Marchand J, Ouedraogo N, Leftheriotis G, Piquet JM, Abraham P. Proximal ischemia is a frequent cause of exercise-induced pain in patients with a normal ankle to brachial index at rest; Pain Physician, 2013; 16; 57-64 - PubMed
    1. Stein R, Hriljac I, Halperin JL, Gustavson SM, Teodorescu V, Olin JW. Limitation of the resting ankle-brachial index in symptomatic patients with peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med, 2006; 11: 29-33 - PubMed
Recommendation 10:
    1. Krudenier LM. Functional claudication distance: a reliable and valid measurement to assess functional limitation in patients with intermittent claudication. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2009; 9: 9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. De Liefde The value of treadmill exercise test parameters together in patients with known or suspected peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2012; 19: 192-198 - PubMed
    1. McDermott MM, Greenland P, Liu K, Guralnik JM, Criqui MH, Dolan NC, Chan C, Celic L, Pearce WH, Schneider JR, Sharma L, Clark E, Gibson D, Martin GJ. Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease: associated clinical characteristics and functional impairment. JAMA, 2001; 286: 1599-606 - PubMed
Recommendation 11:
    1. Yamada T, Ohta T, Ishibashi H, Sugimoto I, Iwata H, Takahashi M, Kawanishi J. Clinical reliability and utility of skin perfusion pressure measurement in ischemic limbs – comparison with other noninvasive diagnostic methods. J Vasc Surg, 2008; 47: 318-323 - PubMed
    1. Castronuovo JJ, Adera HM, Smiell JM, Price RM. Skin perfusion pressure measurement is valuable in the diagnosis of critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 1997; 26: 629-637 - PubMed
Recommendation 12:
    1. Aboyans V, Ho E, Denenberg JO, Ho LA, Natarajan L, Criqui MH. The association between elevated ankle systolic pressures and peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. J Vasc Surg, 2008; 48: 1197-1203 - PubMed
    1. Park SC, Choi CY, Ha YI, et al. Utility of toe-brachial index for diagnosis of peripheral artery disease. Arch Plast Surg, 2012; 39: 227-231 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yamada T, Ohta T, Ishibashi H, Sugimoto I, Iwata H, Takahashi M, Kawanishi J. Clinical reliability and utility of skin perfusion pressure measurement in ischemic limbs--comparison with other noninvasive diagnostic methods. J Vasc Surg, 2008; 47: 318-323 - PubMed
Imaging for Anatomic Assessment
Recommendation 13:
    1. Collins R, Burch J, Cranny G, Aguiar-Ibáñez R, Craig D, Wright K, Berry E, Gough M, Kleijnen J, Westwood M. Duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography, and computed tomography angiography for diagnosis and assessment of symptomatic, lower limb peripheral arterial disease: systematic review. BMJ, 2007; 334: 1257. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cronberg CN, Sjoberg S, Albrechtsson U, Leander P, Lindh M, Norgren L, Danielsson P, Sonesson B, Larsson EM. Peripheral arterial disease. Contrast enhanced 3D MR angiography of the lower leg and foot compared with conventional angiography Acta Radiol, 2003; 44: 59-66 - PubMed
    1. Shareghi S, Gopal A, Gul K, Matchinson JC, Wong CB, Weinberg N, Lensky M, Budoff MJ, Shavelle DM. Diagnostic accuracy of 64 multidetector computed tomographic angiography in peripheral vascular disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2010; 75: 23-31 - PubMed
Recommendation 16:
    1. Andreucci M, Solomon R, Tasanarong A. Side effects of radiographic contrast media: pathogenesis, risk factors, and prevention. Biomed Res Int, 2014; 2014: 741018. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stacul F, van der Molen AJ, Reimer P, Webb JA, Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Almén T, Aspelin P, Bellin MF, Clement O, Heinz-Peer G, Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) Contrast induced nephropathy: updated ESUR Contrast Media Safety Committee guidelines. Eur Radiol, 2011; 21: 2527-2541 - PubMed
    1. McCullough PA, Capasso P. Patient discomfort associated with the use of intra-arterial iodinated contrast media: a meta-analysis of comparative randomized controlled trials. BMC Med Imaging, 2011; 11: 12. - PMC - PubMed
Screening for Atherosclerotic Disease in Other Vascular Beds for the Patient with PAD
Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Recommendation 17:
    1. Li X, Zhao G, Zhang J, Duan Z, Xin S. Prevalence and trends of the abdominal aortic aneurysms epidemic in general population - A MetaAnalysis. PLoS ONE, 8: e81260 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kurvers HA, van der Graaf Y, Blankensteijn JD, Visseren FL, Eikelboom B, SMART Study Group Screening forasymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: comparing the yield between patients with manifest atherosclerosis and patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis only. J Vasc Surg, 2003. June; 37(6): 1226-1233 - PubMed
    1. Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW. Hospital costs and benefits of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: Results from a randomised population screening trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2002; 23: 55-60 - PubMed
Screening for Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis in Other Arterial Beds (Coronary, Carotid and Renal Arteries)
Recommendation 18:
    1. Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, Benjamin EJ, Budoff MJ, Fayad ZA, Foster E, Hlatky MA, Hodgson JM, Kushner FG, Lauer MS, Shaw LJ, Smith SC, Jr, Taylor AJ, Weintraub WS, Wenger NK; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association 2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 2010; 122: e584-e636 - PubMed
    1. Den Hartog AG, Achterberg S, Moll FL, Kappelle LJ, Visseren FL, van der Graaf Y, Algra A, de Borst GJ, SMART Study Group Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and the risk of ischemic stroke according to subtype in patients with clinical manifest arterial disease. Stroke, 2013; 44: 1002-1007 - PubMed
    1. Kakisis JD, Avgerinos ED, Antonopoulos CN, Giannakopoulos TG, Moulakakis K, Liapis CD. The European Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for carotid intervention: an updated independent assessment and literature review. Eur J VascEndovasc Surg, 2012; 44: 238-243 - PubMed
    1. De Weerd M. Prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general population: an individual participant data meta-analysis. 2010. June; 41: 1294-1297 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Woo-sung Y, Young-Nam R, Ui-Jun P, Lee K, Kim D, Kim Y. Prevalence of asymptomatic critical carotid artery stenosis in Korean patients with chronic atherosclerotic lower extremity ischemia: Is a screening carotid duplex ultrasonography worthwhile? J Korean Med Sci, 2010; 25: 1167-1170 - PMC - PubMed
Medical Therapy for the Patient with PAD
Antiplatelet Agents
Recommendation 19:
    1. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ, 2002; 324: 71-86 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Catalano M, Born G, Peto R. Prevention of serious vascular events by aspirin amongst patients with peripheral arterial disease: randomized, double-blind trial. J Intern Med, 2007; 261: 276-284 - PubMed
    1. Berger JS, Krantz MJ, Kittelson JM, Hiatt WR. Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA, 2009; 301: 1909-1919 - PubMed
    1. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet, 1996; 348: 1329-1339 - PubMed
    1. Katsanos K, Spiliopoulos S, Saha P, Diamantopoulos A, Karunanithy N, Krokidis M, Modarai B, Karnabatidis D. Comparative efficacy and safety of different antiplatelet agents for prevention of major cardiovascular events and leg amputations in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 2015; 10: e0135692. - PMC - PubMed
Recommendation 20:
    1. Hiatt WR, Fowkes GR, Heizer G, Berger JS, Baumgartner I, Held P, Katona BG, Mahaffey KW, Norgren L, Jones WS, Blomster J, Millegård M, Reist C, Patel MR, EUCLID Trial Steering Committee and Investigators Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in symptomatic peripheral artery disease. N Engl J Med, 2017; 376: 32-40 - PubMed
    1. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Storey RF, Steg PG, Cohen M, Kuder J, Goodrich E, Nicolau JC, Parkhomenko A, López-Sendón J, Dellborg M,, Dalby A, Špinar J, Aylward P, Corbalán R, Abola MTB, Jensen EC, Held P, Braunwald E, Sabatine MS. Ticagrelor for prevention of ischemic events after myocardial infarction in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016; 67: 2719-2728 - PubMed
    1. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, Steg PG, Storey RF, Jensen EC, Magnani G, Bansilal S, Fish MP, Im K, Bengtsson O, Oude Ophuis T, Budaj A, Theroux P, Ruda M, Hamm C, Goto S, Spinar J, Nicolau JC, Kiss RG, Murphy SA, Wiviott SD, Held P, Braunwald E, Sabatine MS, PEGASUS-TIMI 54 Steering Committee and Investigators Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 2015; 372: 1791-1800 - PubMed
Recommendation 21:
    1. Fowkes FG, Price JF, Stewart MC, Butcher I, Leng GC, Pell AC, Sandercock PA, Fox KA, Lowe GD, Murray GD, Aspirin for Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis Trialists Aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events in a general population screened for a low ankle brachial index: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2010; 303: 841-848 - PubMed
    1. Catalano M, Born G, Peto R. Prevention of serious vascular events by aspirin amongst patients with peripheral arterial disease: randomized, double-blind trial. J Intern Med, 2007; 261: 276-284 - PubMed
    1. Belch J, MacCuish A, Campbell I, Cobbe S, Taylor R, Prescott R, Lee R, Bancroft J, MacEwan S, Shepherd J, Macfarlane P, Morris A, Jung R, Kelly C, Connacher A, Peden N, Jamieson A, Matthews D, Leese G, McKnight J, O'Brien I, Semple C, Petrie J, Gordon D, Pringle S, MacWalter R, Prevention of Progression of Arterial Disease and Diabetes Study Group; Royal College of Physicians Edinburgh The Prevention of Progression of Arterial Disease and Diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomized placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. BMJ, 2008; 337: a1840. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Storey RF, Steg PG, Cohen M, Kuder J, Goodrich E, Nicolau JC, Parkhomenko A, López-Sendón J, Dellborg M, Dalby A, Špinar J, Aylward P, Corbalán R, Abola MTB, Jensen EC, Held P, Braunwald E, Sabatine MS. Ticagrelor for prevention of ischemic events after myocardial infarction in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016; 67: 2719-2728 - PubMed
Recommendation 23:
    1. Armstrong EJ, Anderson DR, Yeo KK, Singh GD, Bang H, Amsterdam EA, Freischlag JA, Laird JR. Association of dual- antiplatelet therapy with reduced major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg, 2015; 62: 157-165 - PubMed
    1. Cacoub PP, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Topol EJ, Creager MA, CHARISMA Investigators Patients with peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. Eur Heart J, 2009; 30: 192-201 - PubMed
    1. Bhatt DL, Flather MD, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE, Cacoub P, Cohen EA, Creager MA, Easton JD, Hamm CW, Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Mak KH, Mas JL, Montalescot G, Pearson TA, Steg PG, Steinhubl SR, Weber MA, Fabry-Ribaudo L, Hu T, Topol EJ, Fox KA, CHARISMA Investigators Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007; 49: 1982-1988 - PubMed
Recommendation 24:
    1. Katsanos K, Spiliopoulos S, Saha P, Diamantopoulos A, Karunanithy N, Krokidis M, Modarai B, Karnabatidis D. Comparative efficacy and safety of different antiplatelet agents for prevention of major cardiovascular events and leg amputations in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 2015; 10: e0135692. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tan JY, Shi WH, He J, Zhu L, Wang TP, Yu B. [A clinical trial of using antiplatelet therapy to prevent restenosis following peripheral artery angioplasty and stenting]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2008; 88: 812-815. [Article in Chinese and translated into English] - PubMed
    1. Koppensteiner R, Spring S, Amann-Vesti BR, Meier T, Pfammatter T, Rousson V, Banyai M, van der Loo B. Low-molecular-weight heparin for prevention of restenosis after femoropopliteal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: a randomized controlled trial. J Vasc Surg, 2006; 44: 1247-1253 - PubMed
    1. Rocha-Singh KJ, Rutherford J. Glycoprotein IIb–IIIa Receptor Inhibition with Eptifibatide in Percutaneous Intervention for Symptomatic Peripheral Vascular Disease: The CIRCULATE Pilot Trial. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 2005; 66: 470-473 - PubMed
Recommendation 25:
    1. Katsanos K, Spiliopoulos S, Saha P, Diamantopoulos A, Karunanithy N, Krokidis M, Modarai B, Karnabatidis D. Comparative efficacy and safety of different antiplatelet agents for prevention of major cardiovascular events and leg amputations in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 2015; 10: e0135692. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jones WS, Tricoci P, Huang Z, Moliterno DJ, Harrington RA, Sinnaeve PR, Strony J, Van de Werf F, White HD, Held C, Armstrong PW, Aylward PE, Chen E, Patel MR, Mahaffey Vorapaxar in patients with peripheral artery disease and acute coronary syndrome: Insights from Thrombin Receptor Antagonist for Clinical Event Reduction in Acute Coronary Syndrome (TRACER). Am Heart J, 2014; 168: 588-596 - PubMed
Statins
Recommendation 26:
    1. Sigvant B, Henriksson M, Lundin F, Wahlberg E. Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease: is pharmacological prevention of cardiovascular risk cost-effective? Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 2011; 18: 254-261 - PubMed
    1. Kang HY, Ko SK, Liew D. Results of a Markov model analysis to assess the cost-effectiveness of statin therapy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Korea: the Korean Individual Microsimulation Model for Cardiovascular Health Interventions. Clin Ther, 2009; 31: 2919-2930 - PubMed
Antihypertensive Agents
Recommendation 27:
    1. Bavry AA, Anderson RD, Gong Y, Denardo SJ, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Handberg EM, Pepine CJ. Outcomes among hypertensive patients with concomitant peripheral and coronary artery disease: findings from the INternational Verapamil SR/Trandolapril STudy. Hypertension, 2010; 55: 48-53 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med, 2000; 342: 145-153 - PubMed
    1. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA, 2002; 288: 2981-2997 - PubMed
    1. Piller L, Simpson L, Baraniuk S, Habib G, Rahman M, Basile J, Dart R, Ellsworth A, Fendley H, Probstfield J, Whelton P, Davis B, ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group Characteristics and long-term follow-up of participants with peripheral arterial disease during ALLHAT. J Gen Intern Med, 2014; 29: 1475-1483 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mirault T, Galloula A, Cambou JP, Lacroix P, Aboyans V, Boulon C, Constans J, Bura-Riviere A, Messas E. Impact of betablockers on general and local outcome in patients hospitalized for lower extremity peripheral artery disease, The COPART Registry. Medicine, 2017; 96: e5916. - PMC - PubMed
Recommendation 28:
    1. Bavry AA, Anderson RD, Gong Y, Denardo SJ, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Handberg EM, Pepine CJ. Outcomes among hypertensive patients with concomitant peripheral and coronary artery disease: findings from the INternational VErapamil-SR/Trandolapril STudy. Hypertension, 2010; 55: 48-53 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med, 2000; 342: 145-153 - PubMed
    1. Ostergren J, Sleight P, Dagenais G, Danisa K, Bosch J, Qilong Y, Yusuf S, HOPE study investigators Impact of ramipril in patients with evidence of clinical or subclinical peripheral arterial disease. Eur Heart J, 2004; 25: 17-24 - PubMed
    1. ONTARGET Investigators. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I, Schumacher H, Dagenais G, Sleight P, Anderson C. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med, 2008; 358: 1547-1559 - PubMed
    1. Sigvant B, Henriksson M, Lundin F, Wahlberg E. Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease: Is pharmacological prevention of cardiovascular risk cost-effective? Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 2011; 18: 254-261 - PubMed
Smoking Cessation
Recommendation 29:
    1. Lee YH, Shin MH, Kweon SS, Choi JS, Rhee JA, Ahn HR, Yun WJ, Ryu SY, Kim BH, Nam HS, Jeong SK, Park KS. Cumulative smoking exposure, duration of smoking cessation, and peripheral arterial disease in middle-aged and older Korean men. BMC Public Health, 2011; 11: 94. - PMC - PubMed
Recommendation 30:
    1. Goodney PP, Spangler EL, Newhall K, Brooke BS, Schanzer A, Tan TW, Beck AW, Hallett JH, MacKenzie TA, Edelen MO, Hoel AW, Rigotti NA, Farber A. Feasibility and pilot efficacy of a brief smoking cessation intervention delivered by vascular surgeons in the Vascular Physician Offer and Report (VAPOR) Trial. J Vasc Surg, 2017; 65: 1152-1160 - PubMed
Recommendation 31:
    1. He Y, Lam TH, Liang B, Wang J, Sai X, Fan L, Li X, Qin Y, Hu FB. Passive smoking and risk of peripheral arterial disease and ischemic stroke in Chinese women who never smoked. Circulation, 2008; 118: 1535-1540 - PubMed
Glycemic Control
Recommendation 32:
    1. Wang C, Mai L, Yang C, Liu D, Sun K, Song W, Luo B, Li Y, Xu M, Zhang S, Li F, Ren M, Yan L. Reducing major lower extremity amputations after the introduction of a multidisciplinary team in patients with diabetic foot ulcer. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 2016; 16: 38. - PMC - PubMed
Recommendation 33:
    1. Hasan R, Firwana B, Elraiyah T, Domecq JP, Prutsky G, Nabhan M, Prokop LJ, Henke P, Tsapas A, Montori VM, Murad MH. A systematic review and meta-analysis of glycemic control for the prevention of diabetic foot syndrome. J Vasc Surg, 2016; 63 (Suppl) 22S-28S - PubMed
    1. Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Vlado P, De Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, Shaw W, Fabbrini E, Sun T, Li Q, Desai M, Matthews DR, on behalf of the CANVAS Program Collaborative Group Canagliflozin for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: Results From the CANVAS Program (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study). Circulation, 2018; 137: 323-334 - PMC - PubMed
Oral Anticoagulation
Recommendation 34:
    1. Sarac TP, Huber TS, Back MR, Ozaki CK, Carlton LM, Flynn TC, Seeger JM. Warfarin improves the outcome of infrainguinal vein bypass grafting at high risk for failure. J Vasc Surg, 1998; 28: 446-457 - PubMed
    1. Dutch Bypass Oral anticoagulants or Aspirin (BOA) Study Group. Efficacy of oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (The Dutch Bypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin Study): a randomised trial. Lancet, 2000; 355: 346-351 - PubMed
    1. Bedenis R, Lethaby A, Maxwell H, Acosta S, Prins MH. Antiplatelet agents for preventing thrombosis after peripheral arterial bypass surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Re, 2015; CD000535 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Johnson WC, Williford WO, Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #362 Benefits, morbidity, and mortality associated with long-term administration of oral anticoagulant therapy to patients with peripheral arterial bypass procedures: a prospective randomized study. J Vasc Surg, 2002; 35: 413-421 - PubMed
Recommendation 35:
    1. Efficacy of oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (The Dutch Bypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin Study): a randomised trial. Lancet, 2000; 355: 346-351 - PubMed
    1. Johnson WC, Williford WO. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #362. Benefits, morbidity, and mortality associated with long-term administration of oral anticoagulant therapy to patients with peripheral arterial bypass procedures: a prospective randomized study. J Vasc Surg, 2002; 35: 413-421 - PubMed
    1. Alonso-Coello P, Bellmunt S, McGorrian C, Anand SS, Guzman R, Criqui MH, Akl EA, Vandvik PO, Lansberg MG, Guyatt GH, Spencer FA. Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest, 2012; 141: e669S-e690S - PMC - PubMed
    1. Warfarin Antiplatelet Vascular Evaluation Trial Investigators. Anand S, Yusuf S, Xie C, Pogue J, Eikelboom J, Budaj A, Sussex B, Liu L, Guzman R, Cina C, Crowell R, Keltai M, Gosselin G. Oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med, 2007; 357: 217-227 - PubMed
    1. Anand SS, Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Diaz R, Widimsky P, Aboyans V, Alings M, Kakkar AK, Keltai K, Maggioni AP, Lewis BS, Störk S, Zhu J, Lopez-Jaramillo P, O'Donnell M, Commerford PJ, Vinereanu D, Pogosova N, Ryden L, Fox KAA, Bhatt DL, Misselwitz F, Varigos JD, Vanassche T, Avezum AA, Chen E, Branch K, Leong DP, Bangdiwala SI, Hart RG, Yusuf S, COMPASS Investigators Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin iin patients with aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2018; 391: 219-229 - PubMed
Recommendation 36:
    1. Anand SS, Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Diaz R, Widimsky P, Aboyans V, Alings M, Kakkar AK, Keltai K, Maggioni AP, Lewis BS, Störk S, Zhu J, Lopez-Jaramillo P, O'Donnell M, Commerford PJ, Vinereanu D, Pogosova N, Ryden L, Fox KAA, Bhatt DL, Misselwitz F, Varigos JD, Vanassche T, Avezum AA, Chen E, Branch K, Leong DP, Bangdiwala SI, Hart RG, Yusuf S, COMPASS Investigators Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2018; 391: 219-229 - PubMed
    1. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, Dagenais GR, Hart RG, Shestakovska O, Diaz R, Alings M, Lonn EM, Anand SS, Widimsky P, Hori M, Avezum A, Piegas LS, Branch KRH, Probstfield J, Bhatt DL, Zhu J, Liang Y, Maggioni AP, Lopez-Jaramillo P, O'Donnell M, Kakkar AK, Fox KAA, Parkhomenko AN, Ertl G, Störk S, Keltai M, Ryden L, Pogosova N, Dans AL, Lanas F, Commerford PJ, Torp-Pedersen C, Guzik TJ, Verhamme PB, Vinereanu D, Kim JH, Tonkin AM, Lewis BS, Felix C, Yusoff K, Steg PG, Metsarinne KP, Cook Bruns N, Misselwitz F, Chen E, Leong D, Yusuf S, for the COMPASS Investigators Rivaroxaban with or without Aspirin in Stable Cardiovascular Disease. NEJM, 2017; 377: 1319-1330 - PubMed
Cilostazol, Pentoxifylline, and Chelation Therapy
Recommendation 37:
    1. Bedenis R, Stewart M, Cleanthis M, Robless P, Mikhaildis D, Stansby G. Cilostazol for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014; CD003748: 1-59 - PMC - PubMed
Recommendation 38:
    1. Dawson D, Cutler B, Hiatt W, Hobson R, II, Martin J, Bortey E, Forbes W, Strandness E., Jr A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication. Am J Med, 2000; 109: 523-530 - PubMed
    1. Squires H, Simpson E, Meng Y, Harnan S, Stevens JW, Wong R. A systematic review and economic evaluation of cilostazol, naftidrofuryl oxalate, pentoxifylline and inositol nicotinate for the treatment of intermittent claudication in people with peripheral arterial disease. Health Technology Assessment, 2011; Vol. 15: No. 40: i-vi - PMC - PubMed
    1. De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Griffin M, Incandela L, Bucci M, Geroulakos G, Ramaswami G, Vasdekis S, Agus G, Bavera P, Ipplito E. Treatment of Intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline: A 12-month, randomized trial walking distance and microcirculation. Angiology, 2002; Volume 53, Supplement 1: S7-12 - PubMed
    1. Creager MA, Pande RL, Hiatt WR. A randomized trial of iloprost in patients with intermittent claudication. Vascular Medicine, 2008; 13: 5-13 - PubMed
    1. De Sanctis DM, Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Griffin M, Incandela L, Bucci M, Geroulakos G, Ramaswami G, Vasdekis S, Agus G, Bavera P, Ipplito E. Treatment of long-distance intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline: a 12-month, randomized trial. Angiology, 2002; Vol 3, Supplement 1: S13-17 - PubMed
Recommendation 39:
    1. Villarruz MV, Dans A, Tan F. Chelation therapy for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2002; CD002785 - PubMed
Homocysteine Lowering
Recommendation 40:
    1. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Held C, Arnold M, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Micks M, McQueen M, Probstfield J, Fodor G, Genest J., Jr. Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a large, simple, randomized trial of combined folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 in high-risk patients: the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE)-2 trial. Can J Cardiol, 2006; 22: 47-53 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Held C, Arnold M, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Micks M, McQueen M, Probstfield J, Fodor G, Genest J., Jr. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med, 2006; 354: 1567-1577 - PubMed
    1. Khandanpour N, Loke YK, Meyer FJ, Jennings B, Armon MP. Homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2009; 38: 316-322 - PubMed
Influenza Vaccination
Recommendation 41:
    1. Phrommintikul A, Kuanprasert S, Wongcharoen W, Kanjanavanit R, Chaiwarith R, Sukonthasarn A. Influenza vaccination reduces cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J, 2011; 32: 1730-1735 - PubMed
    1. Ciszewski A, Bilinska Z, Brydak L, Kepka C, Kruk M, Romanowska M, Ksiezycka E, Przyluski J, Piotrowski W, Maczynska R, Ruzyllo W. Influenza vaccination in secondary prevention from coronary ischaemic events in coronary artery disease: FLUCAD study. Eur Heart J, 2008; 29: 1350-1358 - PubMed
    1. Davis M, Taubert K, Benin A, Brown D, Mensah G, Baddour L, Dunbar S, Krumholz H. Influenza vaccination as secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease: A Science Advisory. From the American Heart Association/ American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006; 48: 1498-1502 - PubMed
    1. Gurfinkel E, de la Fuente R, Mendiz O, Mautner B. Flu vaccination in acute coronary syndromes and planned percutaneous coronary interventions (FLUVACS) Study: One-year follow-up. Eur Heart J, 2004; 25: 25-31 - PubMed
    1. Clar C, Oseni Z, Flowers N, Kesthtkar-Jahromi M, Rees K. Influenza vaccines for preventing cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015; 5: CD005050 - PMC - PubMed
Structured Exercise Therapy
Recommendation 42:
    1. Lyu X, Li S, Peng S, Cai H, Liu G, Ran X. Intensive walking exercise for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes, 2016; 8: 363-377 - PubMed
    1. Delaney CL, Miller MD, Chataway TK, Spark JI. A randomised controlled trial of supervised exercise regimens and their impact on walking performance, skeletal muscle mass and Calpain activity in patients with intermittent claudication. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2014; 47: 304-310 - PubMed
    1. Gommans LNM, Saarloos R, Scheltinga MRM, Houterman S, de Bieh R, Fokkenrood H, Teijink J. Editor's Choice The effect of supervision on walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication: A meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2014; 48: 169-184 - PubMed
    1. Crowther RG, Leicht AS, Spinks WL, Sangla K, Quigley F, Golledge J. Effects of a 6-month exercise program pilot study on walking economy, peak physiological characteristics, and walking performance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Health Risk Manage, 2012; 8: 225-232 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kruidenier LM, Nicolaï SP, Rouwet EV, Peters RJ, Prins MH, Teijink JA. Additional supervised exercise therapy after a percutaneous vascular Intervention for peripheral arterial disease: A randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2011; 22: 961-968 - PubMed
Recommendation 43:
    1. Aherne T, McHugh S, Kheirelseid E, Lee M, McCaffrey N, Moneley D, Leahy A, Naughton P. Comparing supervised exercise therapy to invasive measures in the management of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Surg Res Pract, 2015; 960402 pp1-10 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Murphy T, Cutlip D, Regensteiner J, Mohler E, III, Cohen D, Reynolds M, Massaro J, Lewis B, Cerezo J, Oldenburg N, Thum C, Jaff M, Comerota A, Steffes M, Abrahamsen I, Goldberg S, Hirsch A. Supervised Exercise, Stent Revascularization, or Medical Therapy for Claudication. Due to Aortoiliac Peripheral Artery Disease. The CLEVER Study. JACC, March 2015; 65: 999-1009 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fakhry F, Rouwet E, den Hoed P, Hunink M, Spronk S. Long-term clinical effectiveness of supervised exercise therapy versus endovascular revascularization for intermittent claudication from a randomized clinical trial. British J. Surg, 2013; 100: 1164-1171 - PubMed
    1. Mazari F, Gulati S, Rahman M, Lee H, Mehta T, McCollum P, Chetter I. Early outcomes from a randomized, controlled trial of supervised exercise, angioplasty, and combined therapy in intermittent claudication. Ann Vasc Surg, 2010; 24: 69-79 - PubMed
Recommendation 44:
    1. Fokkenrood H, Bendermacher B, Lauret G, Willigendael E, Prins M, Teijink J. Supervised exercise therapy versus non-supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Sys Rev, 2013; CD005263 - PubMed
    1. Mays R, Hiatt W, Casserly I, Rogers R, Main D, Kohrt W, Ho P, Regensteiner J. Community-based walking exercise for peripheral artery disease: An exploratory pilot study. Vasc Med, 2015; 20: 339-347 - PMC - PubMed
Recommendation 45:
    1. Parementar B, Dieberg G, Smart N. Exercise Training for Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med, 2015; 45: 231-244 - PubMed
Minimizing Tissue Loss in Patients with PAD
Recommendation 46:
    1. Ren M, Yang MC, Lin Z, Xiao H, Mai L, Guo Y, Yan L. Effect of intensive nursing education on the prevention of diabetic foot ulceration among patients with high-risk diabetic foot: A follow-up analysis. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 2014; 16: 576-581 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dorresteijn J, Kriegsman D, Assendelft W, Valk G. Patient education for preventing diabetic foot ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014; CD 001488 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Malone J, Snyder M, Anderson G, Bernhard V, Holloway A, Jr, Bunt TJ. Prevention of amputation by diabetic education. Am J Surg, 1989; 158: 520-523 - PubMed
Recommendation 47:
    1. Chiu C, Huang C, Weng S, Sun L, Chang Y, Tsai F. A multidisciplinary diabetic foot ulcer treatment programme significantly improved the outcome in patients with infected diabetic foot ulcer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2011; 64: 867-872 - PubMed
    1. Pickwell K, Siersma V, Kars M, Apelqvist J, Bakker K, Edmonds M, Holstein P, Jirkovska A, Jude E, Mauricio D, Piaggesi A, Tennvall G, Reike H, Spraul M, Uccioli L, Urbancic V, van Acker K, van Baal J, Schaper N. Predictors of lower-extremity amputation in patients with an infected diabetic foot ulcer. Diabetes Care, 2015; 38: 852-857 - PubMed
    1. Dinh M, Abad C, Safdar N. Diagnostic accuracy of the physical examination and imaging tests for osteomyelitis underlying diabetic foot ulcers: meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis, 2008; 47: 519-527 - PMC - PubMed
Recommendation 48:
    1. Mathioudakis N, Hicks C, Canner J, Sherman R, Hines K, Lum Y, Perler B, Abularrage C. The Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system predicts wound healing but not major amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers treated in a multidisciplinary setting. J Vasc Surg, 2017: 1-8 - PubMed
    1. Armstrong D, Bharara M, White M, Lepow B, Bhatnagar S, Fisher T, Kimbriel H, Walters J, Goshima K, Hughes J, Mills J. The impact and outcomes of establishing an integrated interdisciplinary surgical team to care for the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2012; 28: 514-518 - PubMed
    1. Chiu C, Huang C, Weng S, Sun L, Chang Y, Tsai F. A multidisciplinary diabetic foot ulcer treatment programme significantly improved the outcome in patients with infected diabetic foot ulcer. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 2011; 64: 867-872 - PubMed
Revascularization for Claudication
Recommendation 51:
    1. Vemulapalli S, Dolor RJ, Hasselblad V, Subherwal S, Schmit KM, Heidenfelder BL, Patel MR, Schuyler Jones W. Comparative effectiveness of medical therapy, supervised exercise, and revascularization for patients with intermittent claudication: a network meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol, 2015; 38: 378-386 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Murphy T, Cutlip D, Regensteiner J, Mohler E, III, Cohen D,, Reynolds M, Massaro J, Lewis B, Cerezo J, Oldenburg N, Thum C, Jaff M, Comerota A, Steffes M, Abrahamsen I, Goldberg S, Hirsch A. Supervised exercise, stent revascularization, or medical therapy for claudication due to aortoiliac peripheral artery disease: the CLEVER study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2015; 65: 999-1009 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Malgor RD, Alahdab F, Elraiyah TA, Rizvi AZ, Lane MA, Prokop LJ, Phung OJ, Farah W, Montori VM, Conte MS, Murad MH. A systematic review of treatment of intermittent claudication in the lower extremities. J Vasc Surg, 2015; 61: 54S-73S - PubMed
    1. Nordanstig J, Taft C, Hensäter M, Perlander A, Osterberg K, Jivegård L. Improved quality of life after 1 year with an invasive versus a noninvasive treatment strategy in claudicants: one-year results of the Invasive Revascularization or Not in Intermittent Claudication (IRONIC) Trial. Circulation, 2014; 130: 939-947 - PubMed
    1. Pandey A, MD, Banerjee S, Ngo C, Mody P, Marso S, Brilakis E, Armstrong E, Jay Giri J, Bonaca M, Pradhan A, Bavry A, Kumbhani D. Comparative efficacy of endovascular revascularization versus supervised exercise training in patients with intermittent claudication. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv, 2017; 10: 712-724 - PubMed
Endovascular Revascularization for Claudication
Recommendation 52:
    1. Pandey A, MD, Banerjee S, Ngo C, Mody P, Marso S, Brilakis E, Armstrong E, Jay Giri J, Bonaca M, Pradhan A, Bavry A, Kumbhani D. Comparative efficacy of endovascular revascularization versus supervised exercise training in patients with intermittent claudication. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv, 2017; 10: 712-724 - PubMed
    1. Fakhry F, Spronk S, van der Laan L, Wever JJ, Teijink JA, Hoffmann WH, Smits TM, van Brussel JP, Stultiens GN, Derom A, den Hoed PT, Ho GH, van Dijk LC, Verhofstad N, Orsini M, van Petersen A, Woltman K, Hulst I, van Sambeek MR, Rizopoulos D, Rouwet EV, Hunink MG. Endovascular revascularization and supervised exercise for peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication. JAMA, 2015; 314: 1936-1944 - PubMed
    1. Spronk S, Bosch JL, den Hoed PT, Veen HF, Pattynama PM, Hunink MG. Intermittent claudication: clinical effectiveness of endovascular revascularization versus supervised hospital-based exercise training—randomized controlled trial. Radiology, 2009; 250: 586-595 - PubMed
    1. Greenhalgh RM, Belch JJ, Brown LC, Gaines PA, Gao L, Reise JA, Thompson SG, Mimic Trial Participants The adjuvant benefit of angioplasty in patients with mild to moderate intermittent claudication (MIMIC) managed by supervised exercise, smoking cessation advice and best medical therapy: results from two randomised trials for stenotic femoropopliteal and aortoiliac arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2008; 36: 680-688 - PubMed
    1. Nylaende M, Abdelnoor M, Stranden E, Morken B, Sandbaek G, Risum Ø, Jørgensen JJ, Lindahl AK, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Kroese AJ. The Oslo Balloon Angioplasty versus Conservative Treatment study (OBACT)— the 2-years results of a single centre, prospective, randomised study in patients with intermittent claudication. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2007; 33: 3-12 - PubMed
Recommendation 53:
    1. Nordanstig J, Taft C, Hensäter M, Perlander A, Osterberg K, Jivegård L. Improved quality of life after 1 year with an invasive versus a noninvasive treatment strategy in claudicants: one-year results of the Invasive Revascularization or Not in Intermittent Claudication (IRONIC) Trial. Circulation, 2014; 130: 939-947 - PubMed
    1. Hobbs SD, Marshall T, Fegan C, Adam D, Bradbury A. The constitutive procoagulant and hypofibrinolytic state in patients with intermittent claudication due to infrainguinal disease significantly improves with percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. J Vasc Surg, 2006; 43: 40-46 - PubMed
    1. Mazari FA, Gulati S, Rahman MN, Lee HL, Mehta TA, McCollum PT, Chetter IC. Early outcomes from a randomized, controlled trial of supervised exercise, angioplasty, and combined therapy in intermittent claudication. Ann Vasc Surg, 2010; 24: 69-79 - PubMed
    1. Malgor RD, Alahdab F, Elraiyah TA, Rizvi AZ, Lane MA, Prokop LJ, Phung OJ, Farah W, Montori VM, Conte MS, Murad MH. A systematic review of treatment of intermittent claudication in the lower extremities. J Vasc Surg, 2015; 61: 54S-73S - PubMed
    1. Spronk S, Bosch JL, den Hoed PT, Veen HF, Pattynama PM, Hunink MG. Intermittent claudication: clinical effectiveness of endovascular revascularization versus supervised hospital-based exercise training—randomized controlled trial. Radiology, 2009; 250: 586-595 - PubMed
Recommendation 54:
    1. Schulte KL, Pilger E, Schellong S, Tan KT, Baumann F, Langhoff R, Torsello G, Zeller T, Amendt K, Brodmann M, EXPAND Investigators Primary self-expanding nitinol stenting vs balloon angioplasty with optional bailout stenting for the treatment of infrapopliteal artery disease in patients with severe intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia (EXPAND Study). J Endovasc Ther, 2015; 22: 690-697 - PubMed
    1. Rastan A, Tepe G, Krankenberg H, Zahorsky R, Beschorner U, Noory E, Sixt S, Schwarz T, Brechtel K, Böhme C, Neumann FJ, Zeller Sirolimus-eluting stents vs. bare-metal stents for treatment of focal lesions in infrapopliteal arteries: a double-blind, multi-centre, randomized clinical trial. Eur Heart J, 2011; 32: 2274-2281 - PubMed
    1. Siablis D, Kitrou PM, Spiliopoulos S, Katsanos K, Karnabatidis D. Paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty versus drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of infrapopliteal long-segment arterial occlusive disease: the IDEAS randomized controlled trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2014; 7: 1048-1056 - PubMed
Recommendation 55:
    1. Leng GC, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG, Whiteman M, Dunbar J, Housley E, Ruckley CV. Incidence, natural history and cardiovascular events in symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol, 1996; 25: 1172-1181 - PubMed
    1. Sachs T, Pomposelli F, Hamdan A, Wyers M, Marc Schermerhorn M. Trends in the national outcomes and costs for claudication and limb threatening ischemia: angioplasty vs bypass graft. J Vasc Surg, 2011; 54: 1021-1031 - PubMed
    1. Shammas NW, Shammas GA, Dippel EJ, Jerin M, Shammas WJ. Predictors of distal embolization in peripheral percutaneous interventions: a report from a large peripheral vascular registry. J Invasive Cardiol, 2009; 21: 628-631 - PubMed
Surgical Revascularization for Claudication
Recommendation 56:
    1. Midy D, Papon X, Patra P, Hassan K, Feugier P, Plissonier D, Reix T, Chene G, Berard X. Randomized study of noninferiority comparing prosthetic and autologous vein above-knee femoropopliteal bypasses. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 2016; 31: 99-104 - PubMed
    1. Suckow BD, Kraiss LW, Stone DH, Schanzer A, Bertges D, Baril D, Cronenwett J, Goodney P. Comparison of graft patency, limb salvage, and antithrombotic therapy between prosthetic and autogenous below-knee bypass for critical limb ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg, 2013; 27: 1134-1145 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Loh SA, Howell BS, Rockman CB, et al. Cayne NS, Adelman MA, Gulkarov I, Veith FJ, Maldonado TS. Mid- and long-term results of the treatment of infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease with precuffed expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts compared with vein grafts. Ann Vasc Surg, 2013; 27 - PubMed
    1. Moreira CC, Leung AD, Farber A, Rybin D, Doros G, Siracuse J, Kalish J, Eslami M. Alternative conduit for infrageniculate bypass in patients with critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2016; 64: 131-139 - PubMed
    1. Avreginos ED, Sachdev U, Naddaf A, Doucet D, Mohapatra A, Leers S, Chaer R, Makaroun M. Autologous alternative veins may not provide better outcomes than prosthetic conduits for below-knee bypass when great saphenous vein is unavailable. J Vasc Surg, 2015; 62: 385-391 - PubMed
Recommendation 57:
    1. Antoniou GA, Georgiadis GS, Antoniou SA, Makar RR, Smout JD, Torella F. Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischemia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017; 4. Art. No.: CD00200 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Darling JD, McCallum JC, Soden PA, Korepta L, Guzman RJ, Wyers MC, Hamdan AD, Schermerhorn ML. Results for primary bypass versus primary angioplasty/stent for lower extremity chronic limb-threatening ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2017; 66: 466-475 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Antoniou GA, Chalmers N, Georgiadis GS, Lazarides MK, Antoniou SA, Serracino-Inglott F, Smyth JV, Murray D. A meta-analysis of endovascular versus surgical reconstruction of femoropopliteal arterial disease. J Vasc Surg, 2013; 57: 242-253 - PubMed
    1. Wiseman JT, Fernandes-Taylor S, Saha S, Havlena J, Rathouz PJ, Smith MA, Kent KC. Endovascular versus open revascularization for peripheral artery disease. Ann Surg, 2017; 265: 424-430 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fowkes F, Leng GC. Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2008; CD002000 - PubMed
Recommendation 58:
    1. Loh SA., Howell BS, Rockman CB, et al. Cayne NS, Adelman MA, Gulkarov I, Veith FJ, Maldonado TS. Mid- and long-term results of the treatment of infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease with precuffed expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts compared with vein grafts. Ann Vasc Surg, 2013; 27: 208-217 - PubMed
    1. Veith FJ, Gupta SK, Ascer E, White-Flores S, Samson RH, Scher LA, Towne JB, Bernhard VM, Bonier P, Flinn WR. Six-year prospective multicenter randomized comparison of autologous saphenous vein and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in infrainguinal arterial reconstructions. J Vasc Surg, 1986; 3: 104-114 - PubMed
    1. Avreginos ED, Sachdev U, Naddaf A, Doucet D, Mohapatra A, Leers S, Chaer R, Makaroun M. Autologous alternative veins may not provide better outcomes than prosthetic conduits for below-knee bypass when great saphenous vein is unavailable. J Vasc Surg, 2015; 62: 385-391 - PubMed
Recommendation 59:
    1. Van den Meijer MAJ, Kruse RR, Schamp K, Zeebregts CJ, Rejinen MM. Morbidity of femoropopliteal bypass surgery. Seminars in Vascular Surgery, 2015; 28: 112-121 - PubMed
    1. Collins TC, Nelson D, Ahluwalia JS. Mortality following operations for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 2010; 6: 287-296 - PMC - PubMed
Management of Critical Limb Ischemia
Revascularization for CLI
Recommendation 60:
    1. Abu Dabrh AM, Steffen MW, Undavalli C, Asi N, Wang Z, Elamin MB, Conte MS, Murad MH. The natural history of untreated severe or critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2015; 62: 1642-1651 - PubMed
Endovascular Revascularization for CLI
Recommendation 62:
    1. Adam DJ, Beard JD, Cleveland T, Bell J, Bradbury AW, Forbes JF, Fowkes FG, Gillepsie I, Ruckley CV, Raab G, Storkey H, BASIL trial participants Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2005; 366: 1925-1934 - PubMed
    1. Fu X, Zhang Z, Liang sK, Shi S, Wang G, Zhang K, Li K, Li W, Li T, Zhai S. Angioplasty versus bypass surgery in patients with critical limb ischemia-a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015; 8: 10595-10602 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Abu Dabrh AM, Steffen MW, Undavalli C, Asi N, Wang Z, Elamin MB, Conte MS, Murad MH. Bypass surgery versus endovascular interventions in severe or critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2016; 63: 244-253 - PubMed
    1. Jones WS, Dolor RJ, Hasselblad V, Vemulapalli S, Suberhwal S, Schmit K, Heidenfelder B, Patel MR. Comparative effectiveness of endovascular and surgical revascularization for patients with peripheral artery disease and critical limb ischemia: Systematic review of revascularization in critical limb ischemia. Am Heart J, 2014; 167: 489-498.e7 - PubMed
    1. Iida O, Nakamura M, Yamauchi Y, Fukunaga M, Yokoi Y, Yokoi H, Soga Y, Zen K, Suematsu N, Inoue N, Suzuki K, Hirano K, Shintani Y, Miyashita Y, Urasawa K, Kitano I, Tsuchiya T, Kawamoto K, Yamaoka T, Uesugi M, Shinke T, Oba Y, Ohura N, Uematsu M, Takahara M, Hamasaki T, Nanto S, OLIVE Investigators 3-Year outcomes of the OLIVE Registry, a prospective multicenter study of patients with critical limb ischemia. A prospective, multi-center, three-year follow-up study on endovascular treatment for infra-inguinal vessel in patients with critical limb ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv, 2015; 8: 1493-1502 - PubMed
Recommendation 63:
    1. Spreen MI, Martens JM, Knippenberg B, van Dijk LC, de Vries JPM, Vos JA, de Borst GJ, Vonken EPA, Bijlstra OD, Wever JJ, Statius van Eps RG, Mali WPTM, van Overhagen H. Long-term follow-up of the PADI Trial: Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty Versus Drug-Eluting Stents for Infrapopliteal Lesions in Critical Limb Ischemia. J Am Heart Assoc, 2017; 6: e004877. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Spreen MI, Martens JM, Hansen BE, Knippenberg B, Verhey E, van Dijk LC,, de Vries JP, Vos JA, de Borst GJ, Vonken EJ, Wever JJ, Statius van Eps RG, Mali WP, van Overhagen H. Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Drug-Eluting Stents for Infrapopliteal Lesions in Critical Limb Ischemia (PADI) Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2016; 9: e002376. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tsai TT, Rehring TF, Rogers KR, Shetterly SM, Wagner NM, Gupta R, Jazaeri O, Hedayati N, Jones WS, Patel MR, Ho PM, Go AS, Magid DJ. The contemporary safety and effectiveness of lower extremity bypass surgery and peripheral endovascular interventions in the treatment of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Circulation, 2015; 132: 1999-2011 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rocha-Singh K, Jaff M, Joye J, Laird J, Ansel G, Schneider P. Major adverse limb events and wound healing following infrapopliteal artery stent implantation in patients with critical limb ischemia: The XCELL Trial. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 2012; 80: 1042-1051 - PubMed
    1. Dorro G, Jaff MR, Dorros MA, Maatthiak L, He T. Tibioperoneal (Outflow Lesion) angioplasty can be used as primary treatment in 235 patients with critical limb ischemia five-year follow-Up. Circulation, 2001; 104: 2057-2062 - PubMed
Recommendation 64:
    1. Spreen MI, Martens JM, Knippenberg B, van Dijk LC, de Vries JPM, Vos JA, de Borst GJ, Vonken EPA, Bijlstra OD, Wever JJ, Statius van Eps RG, Mali WPTM, van Overhagen H. Long-term Follow-up of the PADI Trial: Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty Versus Drug-Eluting Stents for Infrapopliteal Lesions in Critical Limb Ischemia. J Am Heart Assoc, 2017; 6: e004877. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Spreen MI, Marten JM, Hansen BE, Knippenberg B, Verhey E, van Dijk LC, de Vries JP, Vos JA, de Borst GJ, Vonken EJ, Wever JJ, Statius van Eps RG, Mali WP, van Overhagen H. Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Drug-Eluting Stents for Infrapopliteal Lesions in Critical Limb Ischemia (PADI) Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 2016; 9: e002376. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liistro F, Portov I, Angioli P, Grotti S, Ricci L, Ducci K, Falsini G, Ventoruzzo G, Turini F, Bellandi G, Bolognese L. Drug-Eluting Balloon in Peripheral Intervention for Below the Knee Angioplasty Evaluation (DEBATE-BTK) A randomized trial in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia. Circulation, 2013; 128: 615-621 - PubMed
    1. Iida O, Nakamura M, Yamauchi Y, Fukunaga M, Yokoi Y, Yokoi H, Soga Y, Zen K, Suematsu N, Inoue N, Suzuki K, Hirano K, Shintani Y, Miyashita Y, Urasawa K, Kitano I, Tsuchiya T, Kawamoto K, Yamaoka T, Uesugi M, Shinke T, Oba Y, Ohura N, Uematsu M, Takahara M, Hamasaki T, Nanto S, OLIVE Investigators 3-Year outcomes of the OLIVE Registry, a prospective multicenter study of patients with critical limb ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv, 2015; 8: 1493-1502 - PubMed
    1. Feiring AJ, Krahn M, Nelson L, Wesolowski A, Eastwood D, Szabo A. Preventing leg amputations in critical limb ischemia with below-the-knee drug-eluting stents The PaRADISE (PReventing Amputations using Drug eluting StEnts) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010; 55: 1580-1595 - PubMed
Recommendation 65:
    1. Jongsma H, Bekken JA, Akkersdijk GP, Hoeks SE, Verhagen HJ, Fioole B. Angiosome-directed revascularization in patients with critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2017; 65: 1208-1219 - PubMed
    1. Nakama T, Watanabe N, Haraguchi T, Sakamoto H, Kamoi D, Tsubakimoto Y, Ogata K, Satoh K, Urasawa K, Andoh H, Fujita H, Shibata Y. Clinical outcomes of pedal artery angioplasty for patients with ischemic wounds. Results from the Multicenter RENDEZVOUS Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv, 2017; 10: 79-90 - PubMed
    1. Iida O, Takahara M, Soga Y, Yamauchi Y, Hirano K, Tazaki J, Yamaoka T, Suematsu N, Suzuki K, Shintani Y, Miyashita Y, Uematsu M. Impact of angiosome-oriented revascularization on clinical outcomes in critical limb ischemia patients without concurrent wound infection and diabetes. J Endovasc Ther, 2014; 21: 607-615 - PubMed
    1. Aerden D, Denecker N, Gallala S, Debing E, Van den Brande P. Wound morphology and topography in the diabetic foot: hurdles in implementing angiosome-guided revascularization. Int J Vasc Med, 2014; 2014: 672897. - PMC - PubMed
Surgical Revascularization for CLI
Recommendation 66:
    1. Twine CP, McLain AD. Graft type for femoro-popliteal bypass surgery (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010; Issue 5 Art. No.: CD001487 - PubMed
    1. Klinkert P, Schepers A, Burger DHC, van Bockel JH, Breslau PJ. Vein versus polytetrafluoroethylene in above-knee femoropopliteal bypass grafting: Five-year results of a randomized controlled trial. J Vasc Surg, 2003; 37: 149-155 - PubMed
    1. Arhuidese I, Hicks CW, Locham S, Obeid T, Nejim B, Malas MB. Long-term outcomes after autogenous versus synthetic lower extremity bypass in patients on hemodialysis. Surgery, 2017; 162: 1071-1079 - PubMed
    1. Uhl CH, Carolin H, Betz T, Greindl M, Töpel I, Steinbauer M. Comparison of venous and HePTFE tibial and peroneal bypasses in critical limb ischemia patients unsuitable for endovascular revascularization. Vascular, 2015; 23: 607-613 - PubMed
    1. Arvela E, Söderström M, Albäck A, Albäck A, Aho PS, Venermo M, Lepäntalo M. Arm vein conduit vs prosthetic graft in infrainguinal revascularization for critical leg ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2010; 52: 616-623 - PubMed
Recommendation 67:
    1. Hinchliff RJ, Brownrigg JR, Andros G, Apelqvist J, Bokyo EJ, Fitridge R, Mills JL, Reekers J, Shearman CP, Zierler RE, Schaper NC, International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot Effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2016; 32: 136-144 - PubMed
    1. Popplewell MA, Davies HOB, Narayanswami J, Renton M, Sharp A, Bate G, Patel S, Deeks J, Bradbury AW. A comparison of outcomes in patients with infrapopliteal disease randomised to vein bypass or plain balloon angioplasty in the Bypass vs. Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) Trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2017; 54: 195-201 - PubMed
    1. Mehaffey HJ, Hawkins RB, Fashandi A, Cherry KJ, Kern JA, Kron IL, Upchurch GR, Jr, Robinson WP. Lower extremity bypass for critical limb ischemia decreases major adverse limb events with equivalent cardiac risk compared with endovascular intervention. J Vasc Surg, 2017; 66: 1109-1116 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Shiraki T, Iida O, Takahara M, Soga Y, Mii S, Okazaki J, Kuma S, Yamaoka T, Kamoi D, Shintani Y, Ishikawa T, Kitano I, Uematsu M. Comparison of clinical outcomes after surgical and endovascular revascularization in hemodialysis patients with critical limb ischemia. Atheroscler Thromb, 2017; 24: 621-629 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ohmine T, Iwasa K, Yamaoka T. Strategy of revascularization for critical limb ischemia due to infragenicular lesions—Which should be selected firstly, bypass surgery or endovascular therapy? Ann Vasc Dis, 2015; 8: 275-281 - PMC - PubMed
Recommendation 68:
    1. Suckow BD, Kraiss LW, Stone DH, Schanzer A, Bertges DJ, Baril DT, Cronenwett JL, Goodney PP, Vascular Study Group of New England Comparison of graft patency, limb salvage, and antithrombotic therapy between prosthetic and autogenous below-knee bypass for critical limb ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg, 2013; 27: 1134-11453 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Uhl CH, Carolin H, Betz T, Greindl M, Töpel I, Steinbauer M. Comparison of venous and HePTFE tibial and peroneal bypasses in critical limb ischemia patients unsuitable for endovascular revascularization. Vascular, 2015; 23: 607-613 - PubMed
    1. Jin MJ, Park UJ, Kim HT, Roh YN. Results of infrainguinal bypass with a composite graft combining polytetrafluoroethylene and vein graft in absence of appropriate saphenous vein graft. Vasc Spec Int, 2017; 33: 65-71 - PMC - PubMed
Recommendation 69:
    1. Akamatsu D, Goto H, Kamei T, Miyagi S, Tsuchida K, Kawamura K, Tajima Y, Umetsu M, Watanabe T, Ohuchi N. Efficacy of iliac inflow repair in patients with concomitant iliac and superficial femoral artery occlusive disease. Asian Journal of Surgery, 2017; 40: 475-480 - PubMed
    1. Dosluoglu HH, Lall P, Cherr GS, Harris LM, Dryjski ML. Role of simple and complex hybrid revascularization procedures for symptomatic lower extremity occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg, 2010; 51: 1425-1435 - PubMed
    1. Antoniou GA, Sfyroeras GS, Karathanos C, Achouhan H, Koutsias S, Vretzakis G, Giannoukas AD. Hybrid endovascular and open treatment of severe multilevel lower extremity arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2009; 38: 616-622 - PubMed
C.1. Wound Healing Therapies for CLI
Recommendation 70:
    1. Mii S, Tanaka K, Kyuragi R, Ishimura H, Yasukawa S, Guntani A, Kawakubo E. Aggressive wound care by a multidisciplinary team improves wound healing after infrainguinal bypass in patients with critical limb ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg, 2017; 41: 196-204 - PubMed
    1. Vartanian SM, Robinson KD, Ofili K, Eichler CM, Hiramoto JS, Reyzelman AM, Conte MS. Outcomes of neuroischemic wounds treated by a multidisciplinary amputation prevention service. Ann Vasc Surg, 2015; 29: 534-542 - PubMed
    1. Kobayashi N, Hirano K, Nakano M, Ito Y, Ishimori H, Yamawaki M, Tsukahara R, Muramatsu T. Prognosis of critical limb ischemia patients with tissue loss after achievement of complete wound healing by endovascular therapy. J Vasc Surg, 2015; 61: 951-959 - PubMed
    1. Armstrong DG, Bharara M, White M, Lepow B, Bhatnagar S, Fisher T, Kimbriel HR, Walters J, Goshima KR, Hughes J, Mills JL. The impact and outcomes of establishing an integrated interdisciplinary surgical team to care for the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2012; 28: 514-518 - PubMed
    1. Chung J, Modrall JG, Ahn C, Lavery LA, Valentine RJ. Multidisciplinary care improves amputation-free survival in patients with chronic critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2015; 61: 162-169 - PubMed
Recommendation 71:
    1. Mii S, Tanaka K, Kyuragi R, Ishimura H, Yasukawa S, Guntani A, Kawakubo E. Aggressive wound care by a multidisciplinary team improves wound healing after infrainguinal bypass in patients with critical limb ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg, 2017; 41: 196-204 - PubMed
    1. Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Diabetic Foot Study Consortium Negative pressure wound therapy after partial diabetic foot amputation: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2005; 366: 1704-1710 - PubMed
    1. Bus SA, van Deursen RW, Armstrong DG, Lewis JE, Caravaggi CF, Cavanagh PR, International Working Group on Diabetic Foot Footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers and reduce plantar pressure in patients with diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2016; 32: 99-118 - PubMed
Recommendation 72:
    1. Moran PS, Teljeur C, Harrington P, Ryan M. A systematic review of intermittent pneumatic compression for critical limb ischaemia. Vasc Med, 2015; 20: 41-50 - PubMed
    1. Williams KJ, Babber A, Ravikumar R, Davies AH. Noninvasive management of peripheral arterial disease. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2017; 906: 387-406 - PubMed
    1. Alvarez OM, Wendelken ME, Markowitz L, Comfort C. Effect of high-pressure, intermittent pneumatic compression for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischemia in patients without a surgical option. Wounds, 2015; 27: 293-301 - PubMed
Recommendation 73:
    1. Kranke P, Bennett MH, Martyn-St James M, Schnabel A, Debus SE, Weibel S. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. Cochrane DatabaseSyst Rev, 2012; CD004123 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Abidia A, Laden G, Kuhan G, Johnson BF, Wilkinson AR, Renwick PM, Masson EA, McCollum PT. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in ischaemic diabetic lower extremity ulcers: a double-blind randomised-controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2003; 25: 513-518 - PubMed
Recommendation 74:
    1. Vitale V, Monami M, Mannucci E. Prostanoids in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 2016. Jan-Feb; 30: 161-166 - PubMed
    1. Ruffolo AJ, Romano M, Ciapponi A. Prostanoids for critical limb ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010; CD006544 - PubMed
    1. Mahapatra S, Ramakrishna P, Joopali P, Naqvi Syed MH. The Effect of Prostaglandin Therapy on Ankle Brachial Index in Non-Reconstructable Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease Patients - Retrospective Analysis. J Vasc Med Surg, 2015; 3: (1000222)1-4
Management of Acute Limb Ischemia (ALI)
Clinical Presentation of ALI
Recommendations 75 and 76:
    1. Normahani P, Standfield NJ, Jaffer U. Sources of delay in the Acute Limb Ischemia Pathway. Ann Vasc Surg, 2017; 38: 279-285 - PubMed
    1. Multirangura P, Ruangsetakit C, Wongwanit C, Sermsathanasawadi N, Chinsakchai K. Acute arterial embolism of the lower extremities: impact of 24-hour duration on the outcome of management. J Med Assoc Thai, 2008; 91: 1360-1367 - PubMed
    1. Morris-Stiff G, D'Souza J, Raman S, Paulvannan S, Lewis MH. Update experience of surgery for acute limb ischaemia in a district general hospital—are we getting any better? Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2009; 91: 637-640 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Baril DT, Patel VI, Judelson DR, Goodney PP, McPhee JT, Hevelone ND, Cronewett JL, Schanzer A, Vascular Study Group of New England Outcomes of lower extremity bypass performed for acute limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2013; 58: 949-956 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Duval S, Keo HH, Oldenburg NC, Baumgartner I, Jaff MR, Peacock JM, Tretinyak AS, Henry TD, Luepker RV, Hirsch AT. The impact of prolonged lower limb ischemia on amputation, mortality, and functional status: the FRIENDS registry. Am Heart J, 2014; 168: 577-587 - PubMed
Medical Therapy for ALI
Recommendation 77:
    1. Blaisdell FW, Steele M, Allen RE. Management of acute lower extremity arterial ischemia due to embolism and thrombosis. Surgery, 1978; 84: 822-834 - PubMed
    1. Tawes R, Harris EJ, Brown WH, Shoor PM, Zimmerman JJ, Sydorak GR, Beare JP, Scribner RG, Fogarty TJ. Acute limb ischemia: Thromboembolism. Archives of Surgery, 1985; 120: 596 - PubMed
Revascularization for ALI
Recommendation 78:
    1. Blaisdell FW, Steele M, Allen RE. Management of acute lower extremity arterial ischemia due to embolism and thrombosis. Surgery, 1978; 84: 822-834 - PubMed
    1. Comerota AJ, Weaver FA, Hosking JD, Froehlich J, Folander H, Sussman B, Rosenfield K. Results of a prospective, randomized trial of surgery versus thrombolysis for occluded lower extremity bypass grafts. Am J Surg, 1996; 172: 105-112 - PubMed
    1. Earnshaw JJ, Whitman B, Foy C. National Audit of Thrombolysis for Acute Leg Ischemia (NATALI): Clinical factors associated with early outcome. J Vasc Surg, 2004; 39: 1018-1025 - PubMed
Recommendation 79:
    1. Enezate T, Omran J, Mahmud E, Patel M, Abu-Fadel MS, White CJ, Al-Dadah AS. Endovascular versus surgical treatment for acute limb ischemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther, 2017; 7: 264-271 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ouriel K, Shortell CK, DeWeese JA, Green RM, Francis CW, Azodo MV, Gutierrez OH, Manzione JV, Cox C, Marder JV. A comparison of thrombolytic therapy with operative revascularization in the initial treatment of acute peripheral arterial ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 1994; 19: 1021-1030 - PubMed
    1. Ouriel K, Veith FJ, Sasahara AA. A comparison of recombinant urokinase with vascular surgery as initial treatment for acute arterial occlusion of the legs. Thrombolysis or Peripheral Arterial Surgery (TOPAS) Investigators. N Engl J Med, 1998; 338: 1105-1011 - PubMed
    1. The STILE Investigators. Results of a prospective randomized trial evaluating surgery versus thrombolysis for ischemia of the lower extremity. The STILE trial. Ann Surg, 1994; 220: 266-268 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Comerota AJ, Weaver FA, Hosking JD, Froehlich J, Folander H, Sussman B, Rosenfield K. Results of a prospective, randomized trial of surgery versus thrombolysis for occluded lower extremity bypass grafts. Am J Surg, 1996; 172: 105-112 - PubMed
Recommendation 80:
    1. Henke PK. Contemporary management of acute limb ischemia: factors associated with amputation and in-hospital mortality. Semin Vasc Surg, 2009; 22: 34-40 - PubMed
    1. Blaisedell W. The pathophysiology of skeletal muscle ischemia and the reperfusion syndrome: a review. 2002; 10: 620-630 - PubMed
    1. Eliason JL, Wakefield TW. Metabolic consequences of acute limb ischemia and their clinical implications. Semin Vasc Surg, 2009; 22: 29-33 - PubMed
    1. Duval S, Keo HH, Oldenburg NC, Baumgartner I, Jaff MR, Peacock JM, Tretinyak AS, Henry TD, Luepker RV, Hirsch AT. The impact of prolonged lower limb ischemia on amputation, mortality, and functional status: The FRIENDS registry, 2014; 168: 577-587 - PubMed
    1. Normahani P, Standfield NJ, Jaffer U. Sources of delay in the acute limb ischemia pathway. Ann Vasc Surg, 2017; 38: 279-285 - PubMed
Recommendation 81:
    1. Blaisedell W. The pathophysiology of skeletal muscle ischemia and the reperfusion syndrome: a review. 2002; 10: 620-630 - PubMed
    1. Normahani Pasha, et al. Sources of Delay in the Acute Limb Ischemia Pathway. 2017; 38: 279-285 - PubMed
    1. Fogarty TJ. Management of arterial emboli. Surg Clin North Am, 1979; 59: 749-753 - PubMed
    1. Eliason JL, Wainess RM, Proctor MC, et al. A national and single institutional experience in the contemporary treatment of acute lower extremity ischemia. Ann Surg, 2003; 238: 382-390 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ouriel K, Veith FJ. Acute lower limb ischemia: determinants of outcome. Surgery, 1998; 124: 336-341 - PubMed
Recommendation 82:
    1. Fogarty TJ. Management of arterial emboli. Surg Clin North Am, 1979; 59: 749-753 - PubMed
    1. Wissgot C, Andresen R, Kamusella P. Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy: Advantages and limitations. J Cardiovasc Surg, 2011; 52: 477-484 - PubMed
Recommendation 83:
    1. Enezate T, Omran J, Mahmud E, Patel M, Abu-Fadel MS, White CJ, Al-Dadah AS. Endovascular versus surgical treatment for acute limb ischemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther, 2017; 7: 264-271 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kempe K, Starr B, Stafford JM, Islam A, Mooney A, Lagergren E, Corriere MA, Edwards MS. Results of surgical management of acute thromboembolic lower extremity ischemia. J Vasc Surg, 2014; 60: 702-707 - PubMed
    1. Zaraca F, Ponzoni A, Sbraga P, Ebner JA, Giovannetti R, Ebner H. Factors affecting long-term outcomes after thromboembolectomy for acute lower limb ischemia. Minerva Chir, 2012; 67: 49-57 - PubMed
    1. Ender Topal A, Nesimi Eren M, Celik Y. Management of non-traumatic acute limb ischemia and predictors of outcome in 270 thromboembolectomy cases. Int Angiol, 2011; 30: 172-180 - PubMed
Recommendation 84:
    1. Schrijver AM, van Leersum M, Fioole B, Reijnen MM, Hoksbergen AW, Vahl AC, de Vries JP. Dutch randomized trial comparing standard catheter-directed thrombolysis and ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis for arterial thromboembolic infrainguinal disease (DUET). J Endovasc Ther, 2015. February; 22: 87-95 - PubMed
Diagnostic Evaluation for the Cause of ALI
Recommendations 85 and 86:
    1. Duval S, Keo HH, Oldenburg NC, Baumgartner I, Jaff MR, Peacock JM, Tretinyak AS, Henry TD, Luepker RV, Hirsch AT. The impact of prolonged lower limb ischemia on amputation, mortality, and functional status: the FRIENDS registry. Am Heart J, 2014; 1 68: 577-587 - PubMed
    1. Morris-Stiff G, D'Souza J, Raman S, Paulvannan S, Lewis MH. Update experience of surgery for acute limb ischaemia in a district general hospital—are we getting any better? Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2009; 91: 637-640 - PMC - PubMed
Longitudinal Follow-up
Recommendation 89:
    1. Buth J, Disselhoff B, Sommelin C, Stam L. Color flow duplex criteria for grading stenosis in infrainguinal vein grafts. J Vasc Surg, 1991; 14: 716-728 - PubMed
    1. Sladen JG, Reid JDS, Cooperberg PL, Harrison PB, Maxwell TM, Riggs MO, Sanders LD. Color flow duplex screening of infrainguinal grafts combining low- and high-velocity criteria. Am J Surg, 1989; 158: 107-112 - PubMed
    1. Taylor PR, Tyrrell MR, Crofton M. Colour flow imaging in the detection of femorodistal graft and native artery stenosis: improved criteria. Eur J Vasc Surg, 1992; 6: 388-392 - PubMed
    1. Szilagyi DE, Elliot JP, Hageman JH, Smith RF, Dall'Olmom CA. Biologic fate of autologous vein implants as arterial substitutes. Ann Surg, 1973; 178: 232-246 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mills JI, Roy MF, Taylor SM. The characteristics and anatomic distribution of lesions that cause reversed vein graft failure: A five-year prospective study. J Vasc Surg, 1993; 17: 195-206 - PubMed
Recommendation 90:
    1. Baril DT, Rhee RY, Kim J, Makaroun MS, Chaer RA, Marone LK. Duplex criteria for determination of in-stent stenosis after angioplasty and stenting of the superficial femoral artery. J Vasc Surg, 2009; 49: 133. - PubMed
    1. Troutman DA, Madden NJ, Dougherty MJ, Calligaro KD. Duplex ultrasound diagnosis of failing stent grafts placed for occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg, 2014; 60: 1580-1584 - PubMed
    1. Back MR, Novotney M, Roth SM, Elkins D, Farber S, Cuthbertson D, Johnson BL, Bandyk DF. Utility of duplex surveillance following iliac artery angioplasty and primary stenting. J Endovasc Ther, 2001; 8: 629-637 - PubMed
    1. Jones DW, Graham A, Connolly PH, Schneider DB, Meltzer AJ. Restenosis and symptom recurrence after endovascular therapy for claudication: does duplex ultrasound correlate with recurrent claudication? Vascular, 2015; 23: 47-54 - PubMed
    1. Shrikhande GV, Graham AR, Aparajita R, Gallagher KA, Morrissey NJ, McKinsey JF, Dayal R. Determining criteria for predicting stenosis with ultrasound duplex after endovascular intervention in infrainguinal lesions. Ann Vasc Surg, 2011; 25: 454-460 - PubMed
Recommendation 91:
    1. Brumberg RS, Back MR, Armstrong PA, Cuthbertson D, Shames ML, Johnson BL, Bandyk DF. The relative importance of graft surveillance and warfarin therapy in infrainguinal prosthetic bypass failure. J Vasc Surg, 2007; 46: 1160-1166 - PubMed
    1. Stone PA, Armstrong PA, Bandyk DF, Keeling WB, Flaherty SK, Shames ML, Johnson BL, Back MR. Duplex ultrasound criteria for femorofemoral bypass revision. J Vasc Surg, 2006; 44: 496-502 - PubMed
    1. Lundell A, Lindblad B, Bergqvist D, Hansen F. Femoropopliteal-crural graft patency is improved by an intensive surveillance program: a prospective randomized study. J Vasc Surg, 1995; 21: 26-33 - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms