The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2017

Abstract

This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2017 in 37 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and nine non-MS). Campylobacteriosis was the commonest reported zoonosis and its EU trend for confirmed human cases increasing since 2008 stabilised during 2013-2017. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed human salmonellosis cases since 2008 ended during 2013-2017, and the proportion of human Salmonella Enteritidis cases increased, mostly due to one MS starting to report serotype data. Sixteen MS met all Salmonella reduction targets for poultry, whereas 12 MS failed meeting at least one. The EU flock prevalence of target Salmonella serovars in breeding hens, laying hens, broilers and fattening turkeys decreased or remained stable compared to 2016, and slightly increased in breeding turkeys. Salmonella results on pig carcases and target Salmonella serovar results for poultry from competent authorities tended to be generally higher compared to those from food business operators. The notification rate of human listeriosis further increased in 2017, despite Listeria seldom exceeding the EU food safety limit in ready-to-eat food. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed yersiniosis cases since 2008 stabilised during 2013-2017. The number of confirmed shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in humans was stable. A total of 5,079 food-borne (including waterborne) outbreaks were reported. Salmonella was the commonest detected agent with S. Enteritidis causing one out of seven outbreaks, followed by other bacteria, bacterial toxins and viruses. The agent was unknown in 37.6% of all outbreaks. Salmonella in eggs and Salmonella in meat and meat products were the highest risk agent/food pairs. The report further summarises trends and sources for bovine tuberculosis, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), West Nile virus and tularaemia.

Keywords: Campylobacter; Listeria; Salmonella; food‐borne outbreaks; monitoring; parasites; zoonoses.

Figure 1

Reported numbers and notification rates of confirmed human zoonoses in the EU, 2017

1. Note: Total number of confirmed cases is indicated in parenthesis at the end of each bar.

2. ¹Exception: West Nile fever where total number of cases were used.

3. ²Exception: congenital toxoplasmosis notification rate per 100,000 live births.

Figure 2

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of campylobacteriosis in the EU/EEA, by month, 2008–2017

1. Source(s): Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia and Portugal did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis. In Greece, campylobacteriosis is not under surveillance.

Figure 3

The surveillance and monitoring of Salmonella in food, food‐producing animals and feed according to the sampling stage, the sampler, the objective of the sampling, the quality of data and the degree of harmonisation

Figure 4

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of non‐typhoidal salmonellosis in the EU/EEA, by month, 2008–2017

1. Source: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Bulgaria and Croatia did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 5

Prevalence of poultry flocks (breeding flocks of Gallus gallus, laying hens, broilers, breeding turkeys and fattening turkeys) positive for target Salmonella serovars, EU, 2017

1. Red vertical bars indicate the target to be reached, which was fixed at 1% for all categories with the exception of laying hens where it was 2% for all MS with the exception of Poland, for which it was 2.5%.

Figure 6

Prevalence of the S. Enteritidis‐positive breeding flocks of Gallus gallus during the production period, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR: Serbia.

Figure 7

Prevalence of the S. Typhimurium‐positive (including monophasic variants) breeding flocks of Gallus gallus during the production period, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR: Serbia.

Figure 8

Prevalence of the S. Infantis‐positive breeding flocks of Gallus gallus during the production period, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR: Serbia.

Figure 9

Prevalence of the S. Enteritidis‐positive laying hen flocks of Gallus gallus during the production period, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR: Serbia.

Figure 10

Prevalence of the S. Typhimurium‐positive (including monophasic variants) laying hen flocks of Gallus gallus during the production period, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR: Serbia.

Figure 11

Prevalence of the S. Enteritidis‐positive broiler flocks of Gallus gallus before slaughter, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR: Serbia.

Figure 12

Prevalence of the S. Typhimurium‐positive (including monophasic variants) broiler flocks of Gallus gallus before slaughter, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR: Serbia.

Figure 13

Prevalence of the S. Enteritidis‐ and/or S. Typhimurium‐positive (including monophasic variants) turkey breeding flocks during the production period, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR: Serbia.

Figure 14

Prevalence of the S. Enteritidis and/or S. Typhimurium‐positive (including monophasic variants) flocks of fattening turkeys before slaughter, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR: Serbia.

Figure 15

Overall reported prevalence of poultry flocks positive for Salmonella target serovars relevant for public health in different poultry animal populations, among all reporting Member States, EU, 2007–2017

Figure 16

Percentage of laying hen flocks positive for S. Enteritidis and number of human salmonellosis cases due S. Enteritidis infection acquired in the EU, 2012–2017

Figure 17

Estimate of the trend prevalence of poultry flocks positive for target Salmonella serovars, at the EU level, in different poultry animal populations, EU, 2007–2017

Figure 18

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of S. Enteritidis acquired in the EU, by month, 2008–2017

1. Source(s): Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Croatia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania and Slovenia did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 19

Sankey diagram of the distribution of the EU top‐five Salmonella serovars in human salmonellosis acquired in the EU, across different food and animal sources (broiler, cattle, pig, turkey and layers), by source, EU, 2017

1. The left side of the diagram shows the five commonest reported Salmonella serovars from human salmonellosis cases acquired in the EU: S. Infantis (blue), S. Typhimurium (green), S. Enteritidis (pink), monophasic S. Typhimurium (yellow) and S. Newport (violet). Animal and food data from the same source were merged: ‘broiler’ includes isolates from broiler flocks and broiler meat, ‘cattle’ includes isolates from bovines for meat production and bovine meat, ‘pig’ includes isolates from fattening pigs and pig meat, ‘turkey’ includes isolates from fattening turkey flocks and turkey meat and ‘layers’ includes laying hen flocks and eggs. The right side shows the five sources considered (broiler, cattle, pig, turkey and layers). The width of the coloured bands linking sources and serovars is proportional to the percentage of isolation of each serovar from each source.

Figure 20

Sankey diagram of the distribution of the EU top‐five Salmonella serovars in human salmonellosis acquired in the EU, by reporting Member States, EU, 2017

1. The left side of the diagram shows the five commonest reported Salmonella serovars from human salmonellosis cases acquired in the EU: S. Infantis (blue), S. Typhimurium (green), S. Enteritidis (pink), monophasic S. Typhimurium (yellow) and S. Newport (violet). The right side shows the reporting Member States. The width of the coloured bands linking Member States and serovars is proportional to the percentage of isolation of each serovar reported from each MS.

Figure 21

Pyramid plot showing the distribution of S. Enteritidis among food and animal sources, EU, 2017

1. The percentages were calculated on the total number of isolates serotyped for each animal and food category. The values at the side of each bar are the number of S. Enteritidis isolates and the number in parentheses indicates the number of reporting Member States.

Figure 22

Pyramid plot showing the distribution of S. Typhimurium among food and animal sources, EU, 2017

1. The percentages were calculated on the total number of isolates serotyped for each animal and food category. The values at the side of each bar are the number of S. Typhimurium isolates and the number in parentheses indicates the number of reporting Member States.

Figure 23

Pyramid plot showing the distribution of monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium, grouped as one serovar, among food and animal sources, EU, 2017

1. The percentages were calculated on the total number of isolates serotyped for each animal and food category. The values at the side of each bar are the number of isolates of monophasic variants of S. Typhimurium and the number in parentheses indicates the number of reporting Member States.

Figure 24

Pyramid plot showing the distribution of S. Infantis among food and animal sources, EU, 2017

1. The percentages were calculated on the total number of isolates serotyped for each animal and food category. The values at the side of each bar are the number of S. Infantis isolates and the number in parentheses indicates the number of reporting Member States.

Figure 25

Pyramid plot showing the distribution of S. Newport among food and animal sources, EU, 2017

1. The percentages were calculated on the total number of isolates serotyped for each animal and food category. The values at the side of each bar are the number of S. Newport isolates and the number in parentheses indicates the number of reporting Member States.

Figure 26

Overview of L. monocytogenes testing along the food chain according to the sampling stage, the sampler and the objective of the sampling

1. CA: competent authorities; FBOp: food business operator; RTE: ready‐to‐eat; Lm: Listeria monocytogenes.

   (a): Primary production sector: samples from animals and feed.

   (b): Less than 0.3% of samples correspond to sampling carried out by industry.

Figure 27

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of listeriosis in the EU/EEA, by month, 2008–2017

1. Source: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Bulgaria, Croatia, Luxembourg and Portugal did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 28

Proportion of L. monocytogenes‐positive sampling units in ready‐to‐eat fish and fishery product categories in 2017 (red) and in 2016 (blue)

1. Only data obtained from detection method are included.

2. ‘Fish, RTE’ includes data on ‘Fish’ of the following types: ‘chilled’, ‘cooked’, ‘gravad/slightly salted’, ‘marinated’ and ‘smoked (hot‐ and cold‐smoked)’.

3. ‘Fishery products, RTE’ includes the following types: ‘prawns, cooked’, ‘prawns‐shelled, shucked and cooked’, ‘shrimps, cooked’, ‘shrimps, shelled, shucked and cooked’, ‘crustaceans, unspecified, cooked’, ‘crustaceans, unspecified, shelled, shucked and cooked’, ‘molluscan shellfish, cooked’, ‘unspecified’ (cooked, ready‐to‐eat, smoked) and ‘Surimi’.

Figure 29

Proportion of L. monocytogenes‐positive sampling units in meat and meat products (pork, turkey, broiler and beef) in 2017 (red) and in 2016 (blue) across all sampling stages

1. Only data obtained from detection method are included.

2. RTE pig meat products include ‘Meat from pig, meat products’ of the following types: ‘cooked ham (sliced or non‐sliced)’, ‘cooked, RTE’, ‘fermented sausages’, ‘fresh raw sausages’, ‘meat specialities’, ‘pâté’, ‘raw and intended to be eaten raw’, ‘raw ham’, ‘unspecified, ready‐to‐eat’. ‘RTE turkey meat’ includes turkey ‘meat products’ of the following types: ‘cooked, RTE’, ‘preserved’ and ‘raw and intended to be eaten raw’. ‘RTE broiler meat’ broiler ‘meat products’ of the following types: ‘cooked, RTE’ and ‘cooked, RTE, chilled’. ‘RTE bovine meat’ includes ‘Meat from bovine animals, meat products’ of the following types: ‘cooked, RTE’, ‘cooked, RTE, chilled’, ‘fermented sausages’, ‘raw and intended to be eaten raw’, ‘unspecified, RTE’.

Figure 30

Proportion of L. monocytogenes‐positive sampling units in cheeses in 2017 (red) and in 2016 (blue) across all sampling stages (overall), retail and processing plant levels

1. LHT: low‐heat‐treated. ‘Overall’ and the number of MS correspond to data across all sampling stages (‘retail’ and ‘processing’ + ‘farm’ + ‘border inspection activities’ + ‘unspecified’).For each sampling stage (‘overall’, ‘retail’ and ‘processing’), data are pooled across both types of sampling units (‘single’ and ‘batch’). Soft and semi‐soft cheeses as well as hard cheeses include all cheeses for which Level 2 at matrix level was specified (‘fresh’ or ‘soft’ or ‘semi‐soft’ or ‘hard’).

Figure 31

Trend in reported confirmed cases of human STEC infection in the EU/EEA, by month, 2008–2017

1. Source: Austria, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia and Portugal did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 32

Frequency distributions of reported STEC serogroups in food and animals, in reporting Member States and non‐Member States, during 2012 and 2017

1. Note: The presence (red boxes) and absence (white boxes) of STEC serogroups in food (left) and animals (right). The E. coli O104:H4 stx2+ eae‐ was isolated from sprouted seeds in 2015. No information was provided on the H type and genotype of the E. coli O104 strains isolated from food in 2012.

Figure 33

Relative presence of reported STEC serogroups in food, in reporting Member States and non‐Member States, 2017

1. Proportions of STEC serogroups: red boxes > 1%, orange boxes > 0.1% and ≤ 1%, yellow boxes > 0.0001% and ≤ 0.1% of positive samples. White boxes indicate absence of the serogroup.

2. Other ruminants’ meat includes meat from deer.

3. Other meat includes meat from animals other than ruminants.

4. Milk and dairy products include any type of dairy product, cheese and milk other than raw milk.

5. Raw milk includes raw milk from different species, but most of the tested and all the positive samples were from cows.

6. Seeds category includes mostly sprouted seeds, but dry seeds are also included.

7. Sources: 25 Member States.

Figure 34

Relative presence of reported STEC serogroups in animals, in reporting Member States and non‐Member States, 2017

1. Proportions of STEC serogroups: red boxes > 1%, orange boxes > 0.1% and ≤ 1%, yellow boxes > 0.0001% and ≤ 0.1% of positive samples. White boxes indicate absence of the serogroup.

2. The animal category ‘other ruminants’ includes deer. The ‘other animal’ category comprises birds, Cantabrian chamois, cats, chinchillas, dogs, ferrets, gallus, gerbils, hedgehogs, monkeys, rabbits, solipeds, water buffalos, wild boar and wolves.

3. Sources: Eight Member States.

Figure 35

Relative presence of reported STEC serogroups in food and animals, in reporting Member States and non‐Member States, 2017

1. Proportions of STEC serogroups: red boxes > 1%, orange boxes > 0.1% and ≤ 1%, yellow boxes > 0.0001% and ≤ 0.1% of positive samples. White boxes indicate absence of the serogroup.

2. Includes data from both animals and food samples.

Figure 36

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of yersiniosis in the EU/EEA, by month, 2008–2017

1. Source(s): Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Norway, Poland, Romania Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Italy and Portugal did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis. Greece and the Netherlands do not have any formal surveillance system for the disease.

Figure 37

Number of confirmed tuberculosis cases due to M. bovis in individuals of EU origin and country‐level aggregated herd prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, EU, 2016

1. No human data were obtained from France, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia.

Figure 38

Proportion of cattle herds infected with or positive for bovine tuberculosis, according regional boundaries of official status (OTF or non‐OTF), EU/EEA, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR, Serbia.

Figure 39

Proportion of cattle herds infected with bovine tuberculosis in OTF regions, EU, 2010–2017

1. OTF: Officially bovine tuberculosis free in cattle.

Figure 40

Proportion of cattle herds positive for bovine tuberculosis in non‐OTF regions, EU, 2010–2017

1. OTF: Officially bovine tuberculosis free in cattle.

Figure 41

Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis test‐positive cattle herds, in non‐OTF regions of five non‐OTF cofinanced Member States and of one non‐OTF not funded Member State Greece, 2004–2017

Figure 42

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of brucellosis in the EU/EEA, by month, 2008–2017

1. Source: Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden. Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis. Denmark does not have a surveillance system for this disease.

Figure 43

Number of domestically acquired confirmed brucellosis cases in humans, and prevalence of Brucella test‐positive cattle, sheep and goat herds, EU, 2017

Figure 44

Proportion of cattle herds infected with or positive for Brucella, according regional boundaries of official status (OBF or non‐OBF), EU/EEA, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR, Serbia.

Figure 45

Proportion of Brucella‐positive cattle herds, in non‐OBF regions, EU, 2012–2016

1. Non‐OBF: Non‐officially brucellosis free in cattle.

Figure 46

Prevalence of Brucella test‐positive cattle herds, in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, 2004–2017

Figure 47

Proportion of sheep and goat herds infected with or positive for brucellosis, according regional boundaries of official status (ObmF or non‐ObmF), EU/EEA, 2017

1. AL: Albania; BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina; FYRM: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; ME: Montenegro; SR, Serbia.

Figure 48

Proportion of sheep flocks and goat herds infected with or positive for B. melitensis, in non‐ObmF regions, EU, 2012–2017

1. Non‐ObmF: Non‐officially B. melitensis free in sheep and goats.

Figure 49

Prevalence of Brucella melitensis test‐positive sheep and goat herds, in Croatia, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, 2004–2017

Figure 50

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of trichinellosis in the EU/EEA by month, 2009–2017

1. Source: Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia and Iceland did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis. Denmark does not have any formal surveillance system for the disease.

Figure 51

Total human cases in EU, EEA and CH (ECDC data), and in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia (EFSA data, food‐borne outbreaks), 2017

1. Countries in which human cases were reported due to food‐borne outbreaks (EFSA data) are in colour according the food vehicle causing the outbreaks (‘pigmeat’, ‘wild‐boar meat’ or ‘unknown’ food vehicle). The number of cases in each country indicates domestic trichinellosis cases (ECDC data); numbers in green box indicate the travel‐related trichinellosis human cases.

Figure 52

Trichinella spp. in domestic pigs and farmed wild boar of 28 MS and three non‐MS (IC, NO and CH) from 2012 to 2016 (map left) and in 2017 (map right)

1. This distribution maps have been built based on data from reports (EFSA and ECDC, 2015a,b, 2016b, 2017b).

Figure 53

Pooled prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red and Arctic foxes within the European Union and adjacent countries at national level depicting current epidemiological situation in Europe (Oksanen et al., 2016)

Figure 54

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of E. multilocularis in the EU/EEA, by month, 2013–2017

1. Source: Austria, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden, Slovakia and Slovenia. Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 55

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of E. granulosus s.l. in the EU/EEA, by month, 2008–2017

1. Source: Austria, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy and Luxembourg did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 56

Overall % of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. positive cases, by intermediate host species, EU, 2013–2017

1. Number of positive animals: cattle (n = 77,722), deer (n = 126), goats (n = 160,398), moose (n = 2), mouflons (n = 2), pigs (n = 130,359), sheep (n = 569,179), domestic solipeds (n = 1,108), water buffalos (n = 157), wild boars (n = 666). The total number of positive animals for E. granulosus s.l. reported in this reported period was 939,719. Positive pigs could be overestimated in co‐endemic countries with E. multilocularis.

Figure 57

Map of Europe showing the pooled number of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. positive cases in intermediate hosts detected in each MS over 5 years (2013/2017)

1. Intermediate hosts included in map are: cattle, deer, goats, moose, mouflons, sheep, horses, water buffalos and wild boars. Pigs were excluded from Poland and Germany because of the co‐endemicity with E. multilocularis.

2. Colours legend: black > 10,000 positive cases; dark blue < 1,000 positive cases; light blue < 100 cases; yellow: 0 cases reported; white: data not reported.

Figure 58

The geographical distribution of the reported rabies cases in foxes and the number of tested foxes, by reporting country, EU, 2017

Figure 59

The geographical distribution of reported rabies cases (EBLV‐1 or EBLV‐2 or other species) in bats and the number of tested bats, by reporting country, EU, 2017

Figure 60

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of Q fever in the EU/EEA by month, 2013–2017

1. Source(s): Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden.

2. Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 61

Trend in reported human WNV infections in the EU/EEA, by month, 2008–2017

1. Source: Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.

2. Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Iceland and Portugal did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 62

Number of affected equines reported to the EU Animal Disease Notification System (ADNS), by reporting MS, EU, 2013–2017

Figure 63

Distribution of human and equine West Nile fever cases by affected areas, EU/EEA region, transmission season 2017 (Source: TESSy and ADNS)

Figure 64

Greek regions where outbreaks in equines were detected, Greece, 2017

Figure 65

Trend in reported confirmed human cases of tularaemia in the EU/EEA, by month of reporting, 2008–2017

1. Source: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.

2. Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands and Portugal did not report data to the level of detail required for the analysis.

Figure 66

Distribution of strong‐evidence and weak‐evidence food‐borne and waterborne outbreaks, per causative agent, EU, 2017

1. Other bacterial agents include Aeromonas hydrophila, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Yersinia enterocolitica other unspecified bacteria. Bacterial toxins other than C. botulinum include toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium other than C. botulinum and Staphylococcus and other unspecified bacterial toxins. Virus other than norovirus and hepatitis A include adenovirus, flavivirus, hepatitis E, rotavirus and other unspecified viruses. Marine biotoxins include ciguatoxin and other unspecified toxins. Other causative agents include scombrotoxin. Parasites other than Trichinella, Cryptosporidium include Giardia and other unspecified parasites.

Figure 67

Number of food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks in the reporting Member States, EU, 2010–2017

Figure 68

Food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks reporting rate (per 100,000 population) in 2017 (in brackets), by EU Member State and % of difference compared with 2016 (green bars)

Figure 69

Mean number of human cases per outbreak (food‐borne including waterborne outbreaks) and outbreak reporting rate (per 100,000 population), by reporting Member State, EU, 2017

Figure 70

Food‐borne (including waterborne outbreaks) reported in EU in 2017, by reporting Member States and by type of pathogen and % of difference compared with 2016

Figure 71

Food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks reported in the EU in 2017, by Member State and by type causative agent and % of difference compared with 2016

1. Bacterial toxins other than Clostridium botulinum include toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium other than Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus and other unspecified bacterial toxins.

2. Only causative agents with more than 100 outbreaks reported in the EU, are shown.

Figure 72

Frequency distribution of food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks (internal circle) and human cases involved in outbreaks (external circle), by reporting EU Member States and non‐Member States (bottom figure), by causative agent, 2017

Figure 73

Reporting of food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks, by causative agent and by reporting country, 2017

1. Other bacterial agents include Aeromonas hydrophila, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and other unspecified bacteria. Bacterial toxins other than Clostridium botulinum include toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium other than Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus and other unspecified bacterial toxins. Other viruses include adenovirus, flavivirus, hepatitis E virus, rotavirus and other unspecified viruses. Marine biotoxins include ciguatoxin and other unspecified toxins. Other toxins include scombrotoxin. Other parasites include Giardia and other unspecified parasites.

Figure 74

Mean number of cases per outbreak and reporting rate of general food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks of salmonellosis (per million population) reported in the EU, by reporting Member State, 2017

Figure 75

Number of food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks in reporting Member States and non‐Member States, by causative agent, 2010–2017

1. Other bacterial agents include Aeromonas hydrophila, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Yersinia enterocolitica and other unspecified bacteria. Bacterial toxins other than Clostridium botulinum include toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium other than Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus and other unspecified bacterial toxins. Other viruses include adenovirus, flavivirus, hepatitis E, rotavirus and other unspecified viruses. Marine biotoxins include ciguatoxin and other unspecified toxins. Other toxins include scombrotoxin and other unspecified toxins. Other parasites include Giardia and other unspecified parasites.

Figure 76

Number of food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks, by reporting Member States and by causative agents, 2014–2017

1. Bacterial toxins other than Clostridium botulinum include toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium other than Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus and other unspecified bacterial toxins.

2. Only Member States with statistically significant trends (either increasing or decreasing) over years are shown.

Figure 77

Number of food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks, by reporting Member States and causative agents, 2010–2017

1. Bacterial toxins other than Clostridium botulinum include toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium other than Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus and other unspecified bacterial toxins.

2. Only Member States with statistically significant trends (either increasing or decreasing) over years are shown.

Figure 78

Frequency distribution of causative agents associated with strong evidence food‐borne and waterborne outbreaks, by food vehicle, in reporting Member States, EU, 2017

1. Five strong‐evidence outbreaks with food vehicle ‘unknown’ are not shown in the figure.

2. Meat and meat products include ‘Bovine meat’, ‘Pigmeat’, ‘Poultry meat’, ‘Sheep meat’, ‘Other or mixed red meat and their products’, ‘Meat and Meat products unspecified’. Fish and fishery products include: ‘Fish’, ‘Crustaceans, shellfish, molluscs and their products’. Food of non‐animal origin includes ‘Confections, ‘Fruits (and juices)’, ‘Herbs and spices’, ‘Vegetables (and juices)’. Milk and milk products include ‘Cheese’, ‘Dairy products (other than cheeses)’ and ‘Milk’. Other foods include ‘Canned food products’, ‘Cereal products and legumes’, ‘Other foods (Unspecified)’.

3. Other bacterial agents include enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica. Bacterial toxins other than Clostridium botulinum include toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium other than Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus and other unspecified bacterial toxins. Other viruses include adenovirus, flavivirus (TBE virus), rotavirus and other unspecified viruses. Marine biotoxins include ciguatoxin and other unspecified toxins. Strong‐evidence FBO by ‘other causative agents have been detailed in the graph into the three classes: histamine, mushroom and marine toxins.

Figure 79

Distribution of strong‐evidence food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks, by place of exposure (setting) and by causative agent, in reporting Member States, EU, 2017

1. Forty‐seven food‐borne‐outbreaks with setting ‘unknown’ are not shown in the figure.

2. Other bacterial agents include enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica. Bacterial toxins other than Clostridium botulinum include toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium other than Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus and other unspecified bacterial toxins. Other viruses include adenovirus, flavivirus (TBE virus), rotavirus and other unspecified viruses. Marine biotoxins include ciguatoxin and other unspecified toxins.

3. Restaurant, pub, street vendors, take away, etc. include ‘Mobile retailer or market/street vendor’, ‘Restaurant or Cafe or Pub or Bar or Hotel or Catering service’, ‘Take‐away or fast‐food outlet’.

4. Other settings and multiple settings include ‘Camp or picnic’, ‘Disseminated cases’, ‘Farm’, ‘Multiple places of exposure in more than one country’, ‘Multiple places of exposure in one country’, ‘Others’, ‘Temporary mass catering (fairs or festivals)’.

5. Canteen or Catering to Workplace, school, hospital include ‘School or kindergarten’, ‘Residential institution (nursing home or prison or boarding school)’, ‘Canteen or workplace catering’, ‘Hospital or medical care facility’.

Figure 80

Frequency distribution of contributory factors in strong‐evidence food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks, by place of exposure (setting), in reporting Member States, EU, 2017

1. Canteen or Catering to Workplace, school, hospital, etc., include ‘Canteen or workplace catering’, ‘Catering on aircraft or ship or train’, ‘Hospital or medical care facility’, ‘Residential institution (nursing home or prison or boarding school)’, ‘School or kindergarten’.

2. Other settings and multiple settings include ‘Camp or picnic’, ‘Disseminated cases’, ‘Farm’, ‘Multiple places of exposure in more than one country’, ‘Multiple places of exposure in one country’, ‘Others’, ‘Temporary mass catering (fairs or festivals)’. Restaurant, pub, street vendors, take away, etc., include ‘Mobile retailer or market/street vendor’, ‘Restaurant or Cafe or Pub or Bar or Hotel or Catering service’, ‘Take‐away or fast‐food outlet’.

Figure 81

Number of strong‐ and weak‐evidence food‐borne (including waterborne) outbreaks associated with the most frequently reported combination of causative agent and implicated food vehicle, in reporting Member States, EU, 2014–2017

1. Bacterial toxins other than Clostridium botulinum include toxins produced by Bacillus, Clostridium other than Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus and other unspecified bacterial toxins.

2. Meat and meat products include ‘Bovine meat’, ‘Pigmeat’, ‘Poultry meat’, ‘Sheep meat’, ‘Other or mixed red meat and their products’, ‘Meat and Meat products unspecified’. Milk and milk products include ‘Dairy products (other than cheeses)’, ‘Milk’.

3. Only food/agent combinations that progressively increased over years among those most frequently reported are shown.