Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Jul 6;7(7):CD013305.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013305.pub2.

Behavioural activation therapy for depression in adults

Eleonora Uphoff  1   2 , David Ekers  3   4 , Lindsay Robertson  1   2 , Sarah Dawson  1   5 , Emily Sanger  1 , Emily South  2 , Zainab Samaan  6 , David Richards  7 , Nicholas Meader  2 , Rachel Churchill  1   2
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Behavioural activation therapy for depression in adults

Eleonora Uphoff et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Behavioural activation is a brief psychotherapeutic approach that seeks to change the way a person interacts with their environment. Behavioural activation is increasingly receiving attention as a potentially cost-effective intervention for depression, which may require less resources and may be easier to deliver and implement than other types of psychotherapy.

Objectives: To examine the effects of behavioural activation compared with other psychological therapies for depression in adults. To examine the effects of behavioural activation compared with medication for depression in adults. To examine the effects of behavioural activation compared with treatment as usual/waiting list/placebo no treatment for depression in adults.

Search methods: We searched CCMD-CTR (all available years), CENTRAL (current issue), Ovid MEDLINE (1946 onwards), Ovid EMBASE (1980 onwards), and Ovid PsycINFO (1806 onwards) on the 17 January 2020 to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of 'behavioural activation', or the main elements of behavioural activation for depression in participants with clinically diagnosed depression or subthreshold depression. We did not apply any restrictions on date, language or publication status to the searches. We searched international trials registries via the World Health Organization's trials portal (ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify unpublished or ongoing trials.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural activation for the treatment of depression or symptoms of depression in adults aged 18 or over. We excluded RCTs conducted in inpatient settings and with trial participants selected because of a physical comorbidity. Studies were included regardless of reported outcomes.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened all titles/abstracts and full-text manuscripts for inclusion. Data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessments were also performed by two review authors in duplicate. Where necessary, we contacted study authors for more information.

Main results: Fifty-three studies with 5495 participants were included; 51 parallel group RCTs and two cluster-RCTs. We found moderate-certainty evidence that behavioural activation had greater short-term efficacy than treatment as usual (risk ratio (RR) 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10 to 1.78; 7 RCTs, 1533 participants), although this difference was no longer evident in sensitivity analyses using a worst-case or intention-to-treat scenario. Compared with waiting list, behavioural activation may be more effective, but there were fewer data in this comparison and evidence was of low certainty (RR 2.14, 95% CI 0.90 to 5.09; 1 RCT, 26 participants). No evidence on treatment efficacy was available for behavioural activation versus placebo and behavioural activation versus no treatment. We found moderate-certainty evidence suggesting no evidence of a difference in short-term treatment efficacy between behavioural activation and CBT (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.07; 5 RCTs, 601 participants). Fewer data were available for other comparators. No evidence of a difference in short term-efficacy was found between behavioural activation and third-wave CBT (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.33; 2 RCTs, 98 participants; low certainty), and psychodynamic therapy (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.99; 1 RCT,60 participants; very low certainty). Behavioural activation was more effective than humanistic therapy (RR 1.84, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.95; 2 RCTs, 46 participants; low certainty) and medication (RR 1.77, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.76; 1 RCT; 141 participants; moderate certainty), but both of these results were based on a small number of trials and participants. No evidence on treatment efficacy was available for comparisons between behavioural activation versus interpersonal, cognitive analytic, and integrative therapies. There was moderate-certainty evidence that behavioural activation might have lower treatment acceptability (based on dropout rate) than treatment as usual in the short term, although the data did not confirm a difference and results lacked precision (RR 1.64, 95% CI 0.81 to 3.31; 14 RCTs, 2518 participants). Moderate-certainty evidence did not suggest any difference in short-term acceptability between behavioural activation and waiting list (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.93; 8 RCTs. 359 participants), no treatment (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.45 to 2.09; 3 RCTs, 187 participants), medication (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.16; 2 RCTs, 243 participants), or placebo (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.67; 1 RCT; 96 participants; low-certainty evidence). No evidence on treatment acceptability was available comparing behavioural activation versus psychodynamic therapy. Low-certainty evidence did not show a difference in short-term treatment acceptability (dropout rate) between behavioural activation and CBT (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.25; 12 RCTs, 1195 participants), third-wave CBT (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.33 to 2.10; 3 RCTs, 147 participants); humanistic therapy (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.20 to 5.55; 2 RCTs, 96 participants) (very low certainty), and interpersonal, cognitive analytic, and integrative therapy (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.32 to 2.20; 4 RCTs, 123 participants). Results from medium- and long-term primary outcomes, secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses are summarised in the text.

Authors' conclusions: This systematic review suggests that behavioural activation may be more effective than humanistic therapy, medication, and treatment as usual, and that it may be no less effective than CBT, psychodynamic therapy, or being placed on a waiting list. However, our confidence in these findings is limited due to concerns about the certainty of the evidence. We found no evidence of a difference in short-term treatment acceptability (based on dropouts) between behavioural activation and most comparison groups (CBT, humanistic therapy, waiting list, placebo, medication, no treatment or treatment as usual). Again, our confidence in all these findings is limited due to concerns about the certainty of the evidence. No data were available about the efficacy of behaioural activation compared with placebo, or about treatment acceptability comparing behavioural activation and psychodynamic therapy, interpersonal, cognitive analytic and integrative therapies. The evidence could be strengthened by better reporting and better quality RCTs of behavioural activation and by assessing working mechanisms of behavioural activation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Eleonora Uphoff: no conflicts of interest

David Ekers, in his role of Chief Investigator, is responsible for the conduct of the ongoing CHEMIST and MODS trials in which behavioural activation therapies are evaluated. He is a Co‐Investigator of the included CASPER trial and the author of several publications reporting on trials of behavioural activation.

Lindsay Robertson: no conflicts of interest

Sarah Dawson: no conflicts of interest

Emily Sanger: no conflicts of interest

Emily South: no conflicts of interest

Zainab Samaan: no conflicts of interest

David Richards has been involved in several trials of behavioural activation, including in his role as Chief Investigator of the UK National Institute for Health Research funded COBRA and CADET trials. He has published extensively on the subject of behavioural activation in peer reviewed journals and clinical text books.

Nicholas Meader: no conflicts of interest

Rachel Churchill leads and has responsibility for Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, which has supported parts of the review process and is largely funded by a grant from the National Institute of Health and Research (NIHR) in the UK.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 6 behavioural activation vversus waiting list, outcome: 6.3 depression symptoms.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: behavioural activation vs CBT, Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: behavioural activation vs CBT, Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: behavioural activation vs CBT, Outcome 3: depression symptoms
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: behavioural activation vs CBT, Outcome 4: quality of life
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: behavioural activation vs CBT, Outcome 5: social adjustment and functioning
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: behavioural activation vs CBT, Outcome 6: anxiety symptoms
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: behavioural activation vs third‐wave CBT, Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: behavioural activation vs third‐wave CBT, Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: behavioural activation vs third‐wave CBT, Outcome 3: depression symptoms
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: behavioural activation vs third‐wave CBT, Outcome 4: quality of life
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: behavioural activation vs third‐wave CBT, Outcome 5: anxiety symptoms
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: behavioural activation vs humanistic therapy, Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: behavioural activation vs humanistic therapy, Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: behavioural activation vs humanistic therapy, Outcome 3: depression symptoms
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: behavioural activation vs humanistic therapy, Outcome 4: quality of life
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: behavioural activation vs humanistic therapy, Outcome 5: anxiety symptoms
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: behavioural activation vs psychodynamic, Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: behavioural activation vs psychodynamic, Outcome 2: depression symptoms
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: behavioural activation vs psychodynamic, Outcome 3: social adjustment and functioning
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: behavioural activation vs interpersonal, cognitive analytic, integrative, Outcome 1: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: behavioural activation vs interpersonal, cognitive analytic, integrative, Outcome 2: depression symptoms
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: behavioural activation vs interpersonal, cognitive analytic, integrative, Outcome 3: social adjustment and functioning
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: behavioural activation vs interpersonal, cognitive analytic, integrative, Outcome 4: anxiety symptoms
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: behavioural activation vs waiting list, Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: behavioural activation vs waiting list, Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: behavioural activation vs waiting list, Outcome 3: depression symptoms
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: behavioural activation vs waiting list, Outcome 4: quality of life
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6: behavioural activation vs waiting list, Outcome 5: anxiety symptoms
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: behavioural activation vs placebo, Outcome 1: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: behavioural activation vs placebo, Outcome 2: depression symptoms
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: behavioural activation vs medication, Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: behavioural activation vs medication, Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: behavioural activation vs medication, Outcome 3: depression symptoms
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: behavioural activation vs no treatment, Outcome 1: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: behavioural activation vs no treatment, Outcome 2: depression symptoms
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: behavioural activation vs no treatment, Outcome 3: quality of life
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: behavioural activation vs no treatment, Outcome 4: anxiety symptoms
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: behavioural activation vs treatment as usual, Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: behavioural activation vs treatment as usual, Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: behavioural activation vs treatment as usual, Outcome 3: depression symptoms
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10: behavioural activation vs treatment as usual, Outcome 4: quality of life
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10: behavioural activation vs treatment as usual, Outcome 5: social adjustment and functioning
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10: behavioural activation vs treatment as usual, Outcome 6: anxiety symptoms
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: SUBGROUP 1 AGE behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: SUBGROUP 1 AGE behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: SUBGROUP 2 THERAPIST behavioural activation vs other psychological therapies (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: SUBGROUP 2 THERAPIST behavioural activation vs other psychological therapies (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: SUBGROUP 2 THERAPIST behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13: SUBGROUP 2 THERAPIST behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: SUBGROUP 3 SEVERITY behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14: SUBGROUP 3 SEVERITY behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15: SUBGROUP 4 LENGTH behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16: SUBGROUP 5 THERAPY behavioural activation vs other psychological therapies (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16: SUBGROUP 5 THERAPY behavioural activation vs other psychological therapies (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17: SUBGROUP 6 CONTROL behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17: SUBGROUP 6 CONTROL behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18: SENSITIVITY 1 HIGH QUALITY STUDIES behavioural activation versus other psychological therapies (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18: SENSITIVITY 1 HIGH QUALITY STUDIES behavioural activation versus other psychological therapies (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19: SENSITIVITY 2 HIGH QUALITY STUDIES behavioural activation versus other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19: SENSITIVITY 2 HIGH QUALITY STUDIES behavioural activation versus other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20: SENSITIVITY 3 FACE‐TO‐FACE behavioural activation vs other psychological therapies (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20: SENSITIVITY 3 FACE‐TO‐FACE behavioural activation vs other psychological therapies (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21: SENSITIVITY 4 FACE‐TO‐FACE behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
21.2
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21: SENSITIVITY 4 FACE‐TO‐FACE behavioural activation vs other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22: SENSITIVITY 5 INDIVIDUAL behavioural activation versus other psychological therapies (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22: SENSITIVITY 5 INDIVIDUAL behavioural activation versus other psychological therapies (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23: SENSITIVITY 5 INDIVIDUAL behavioural activation versus other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
23.2
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23: SENSITIVITY 5 INDIVIDUAL behavioural activation versus other controls (up to 6 months), Outcome 2: treatment acceptability (dropouts)
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24: SENSITIVITY 6 fixed effects BA vs waiting list, Outcome 1: depression symptoms
24.2
24.2. Analysis
Comparison 24: SENSITIVITY 6 fixed effects BA vs waiting list, Outcome 2: anxiety symptoms
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25: SENSITIVITY 7 fixed effects BA vs treatment as usual, Outcome 1: depression symptoms
25.2
25.2. Analysis
Comparison 25: SENSITIVITY 7 fixed effects BA vs treatment as usual, Outcome 2: quality of life
26.1
26.1. Analysis
Comparison 26: MISSING DATA ITT (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
27.1
27.1. Analysis
Comparison 27: MISSING DATA BEST CASE (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
28.1
28.1. Analysis
Comparison 28: MISSING DATA WORST CASE (up to 6 months), Outcome 1: treatment efficacy
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Arjadi 2018 {published data only}
    1. Arjadi R, Nauta MH, Scholte WF, Hollon SD, Chowdhary N, Suryani AO, et al. Guided Act and Feel Indonesia (GAF-ID) - Internet-based behavioral activation intervention for depression in Indonesia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016;17(1):455. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1577-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Arjadi R, Nauta MH, Scholte WF, Hollon SD, Chowdhary N, Suryani AO, et al. Internet-based behavioural activation with lay counsellor support versus online minimal psychoeducation without support for treatment of depression: a randomised controlled trial in Indonesia. Lancet Psychiatry 2018;5(9):707-16. [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30223-2] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NTR5920. Guided Act and Feel Indonesia (GAF-ID): online behavioral activation intervention for depression in Indonesia [Guided Act and Feel Indonesia (GAF-ID): a randomized controlled trial of an internet-based behavioral activation intervention for depression guided by lay counselors in Indonesia]. trialregister.nl/trial/5733 (first received 1 July 2016). - PMC - PubMed
Armento 2012 {published data only}
    1. Armento ME, McNulty JK, Hopko DR. Behavioral Activation of Religious Behaviors (BARB): randomized trial with depressed college students. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 2012;4(3):206-22. [DOI: 10.1037/a0026405] - DOI
    1. Armento ME. Behavioral activation of religious behaviors: treating depressed college students with a randomized controlled trial [thesis]. Knoxville (US): University of Tennessee, 2011.
Bolton 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bolton P, Bass JK, Zangana GA, Kamal T, Murray SM, Kaysen D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of mental health interventions for survivors of systematic violence in Kurdistan, Northern Iraq. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:360. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0360-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00925262. Controlled trial of mental health interventions for torture survivors in Kurdistan [A controlled trial of mental health interventions for common mental health problems experienced by torture survivors Living in Kurdistan, Iraq]. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00925262 (first received 22 June 2009).
Bosanquet 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bosanquet K, Adamson J, Atherton K, Bailey D, Baxter C, Beresford-Dent J, et al. CollAborative care for Screen-Positive EldeRs with major depression (CASPER plus): a multicentred randomised controlled trial of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Health Technology Assessment 2017;21(67):1-252. [DOI: 10.3310/hta21670] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Overend K, Lewis H, Bailey D, Bosanquet K, Chew-Graham C, Ekers D, et al. CASPER plus (CollAborative care in Screen-Positive EldeRs with major depressive disorder): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.[Erratum appears in Trials. 2016;17(1):217]. Trials 2014;15:451. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-451] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bowe 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bowe WM. Refinement and pilot testing of a culturally enhanced treatment for depressed African-Americans [thesis]. Vol. 75. Milwaukee (US): University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2014.
Carlbring 2013 {published data only}
    1. Carlbring P, Hagglund M, Luthstrom A, Dahlin M, Kadowaki A, Vernmark K, et al. Internet-based behavioral activation and acceptance-based treatment for depression: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 2013;148(2-3):331-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.12.020] - DOI - PubMed
Carlbring 2013a {published data only}
    1. Carlbring P, Lindner P, Martell C, Hassmen P, Forsberg L, Strom L, et al. The effects on depression of Internet-administered behavioural activation and physical exercise with treatment rationale and relapse prevention: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:35. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-35] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01619930. The effects of behavioural activation and physical exercise on depression [The effects on depression of internet-administered behavioural activation and physical exercise with treatment rationale and relapse prevention: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01619930 (first received 14 June 2012). - PMC - PubMed
Chang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chang KJ, Hong CH, Roh HW, Lee KS, Lee EH, Kim J, et al. A 12-week multi-domain lifestyle modification to reduce depressive symptoms in older adults: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Investigation 2018;15(3):279-84. [DOI: 10.30773/pi.2017.08.10] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Chowdhary 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chowdhary N, Anand A, Dimidjian S, Shinde S, Weobong B, Balaji M, et al. The Healthy Activity Program lay counsellor delivered treatment for severe depression in India: systematic development and randomised evaluation. British Journal of Psychiatry 2016;208(4):381-88. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.161075] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Collado 2016 {published data only}
    1. Collado A, Calderon M, MacPherson L, Lejuez C. The efficacy of behavioral activation treatment among depressed Spanish-speaking Latinos. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2016;84(7):651-7. [DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000103] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Collado A, Long KE, MacPherson L, Lejuez CW. The efficacy of a behavioral activation intervention among depressed US Latinos with limited English language proficiency: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014;15:231. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-231] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Collado A. Evaluating the efficacy of behavioral activation among Spanish-speaking Latinos [thesis]. Vol. 77. College Park (US): University of Maryland, 2016.
    1. NCT01958840. Evaluating behavioral activation efficacy in depressed Spanish-speaking Latinos. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01958840 (first received 9 October 2013).
Comas Díaz 1981 {published data only}
    1. Comas-Díaz L. Effects of cognitive and behavioral group treatment on the depressive symptomatology of Puerto Rican women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1981;49(5):627-32. [DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.49.5.627] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Comas-Díaz L. Effects of cognitive and behavioral group treatment on the symptomatology of depression in Puerto Rican women [thesis]. Dissertation abstracts international 1979;40(3-B):1356 1979;40(3-B):1356.
Cullen 2003 {published data only}
    1. Cullen JM. Testing the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy in the treatment of acute unipolar depression [thesis]. Vol. 64. Kalamazoo (US): Western Michigan University, 2003.
Dimidjian 2006 {published data only}
    1. Coffman SJ, Martell CR, Dimidjian S, Gallop R, Hollon SD. Extreme nonresponse in cognitive therapy: can behavioral activation succeed where cognitive therapy fails? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007;75(4):531-41. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.4.531] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dimidjian S, Hollon SD, Dobson KS, Schmaling K, Kohlenberg RJ, Addis ME, et al. Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(4):658-70. - PubMed
    1. Dimidjian SA, Hollon SD, Dobson KS, Schmaling KB, Kohlenberg RJ, Addis M, et al. Methods and acute-phase outcomes. In: 157th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2004 May 1-6; New York. 2004:27A.
    1. Dobson KS, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Schmaling KB, Kohlenberg RJ, Gallop RJ, et al. Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the prevention of relapse and recurrence in major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008;76(3):468-77. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rizvi S, Dimidjian SA, Hollon SD, Dobson KS, Schmaling KB, Kohlenberg RJ, et al. Predictiont of treatment response. In: 157th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2004 May 1-6; New York. 2004:27C.
Ekers 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ekers D, Godfrey C, Gilbody S, Parrott S, Richards DA, Hammond D, et al. Cost utility of behavioural activation delivered by the non-specialist. British Journal of Psychiatry 2011;199(6):510-1. [DOI: ] - PubMed
    1. Ekers D, Richards D, McMillan D, Bland JM, Gilbody S. Behavioural activation delivered by the non-specialist: phase II randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2011;198(1):66-72. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.079111] - DOI - PubMed
Fleming 1980 {published data only}
    1. Fleming BM, Thornton DW. Coping skills training as a component in the short-term treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1980;48(5):652-4. - PubMed
Fuchs 1977 {published data only}
    1. Fuchs CZ, Rehm LP. A self-control behavior therapy program for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1977;45(2):206-15. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.45.2.206] - DOI - PubMed
Gardner 1981 {published data only}
    1. Gardner P, Oei TP. Depression and self-esteem: an investigation that used behavioral and cognitive approaches to the treatment of clinically depressed clients. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1981;37(1):128-35. - PubMed
Gawrysiak 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gawrysiak M, Nicolas C, Hopko DR. Behavioral activation for moderately depressed university students: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2009;56(3):468-75. [DOI: 10.1037/a0016383] - DOI
    1. Gawrysiak MJ. Behavioral activation for mildly depressed students: randomized controlled trial [thesis]. Knoxville (US): University of Tennessee, 2008.
Gilbody 2017 {published data only}
    1. Gilbody S, Lewis H, Adamson J, Atherton K, Bailey D, Birthwistle J, et al. Effect of collaborative care vs usual care on depressive symptoms in older adults with subthreshold depression. JAMA 2017;317(7):728-37. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.0130] - DOI - PubMed
Hammen 1975 {published data only}
    1. Hammen CL, Glass DR. Depression, activity, and evaluation of reinforcement. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1975;84(6):718-21. [DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.84.6.718] - DOI - PubMed
Hemanny 2019 {published data only}
    1. Hemanny C, Carvalho C, Maia N, Reis D, Botelho AC, Bonavides D, et al. Efficacy of trial-based cognitive therapy, behavioral activation and treatment as usual in the treatment of major depressive disorder: preliminary findings from a randomized clinical trial. CNS Spectrums 26 Nov 2019;[Epub ahead of print]:1-10. [DOI: 10.1017/S1092852919001457] - DOI - PubMed
Jacobson 1996 {published data only}
    1. Addis ME, Jacobson NS. Reasons for depression and the process and outcome of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996;64(6):1417-24. [DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1417] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Jacobson NS, Cobson KS, Truax PA, Addis ME, Koerner K, Gollan JK, et al. A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996;64(2):295-304. [DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.64.2.295] - DOI - PubMed
Kanter 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kanter JW, Santiago-Rivera AL, Rusch LC, Busch AM, West P. Initial outcomes of a culturally adapted behavioral activation for Latinas diagnosed with depression at a community clinic. Behaviour Modification 2010;34(2):120-44. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445509359682] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kanter JW, Santiago-Rivera AL, Santos MM, Nagy G, Lopez M, Hurtado GD, et al. A randomized hybrid efficacy and effectiveness trial of behavioral activation for Latinos with depression. Behaviour Therapy 2015;46(2):177-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.011] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Santos MM, Nagy GA, Hurtado GD, West P, Santiago-Rivera AL, Lee HJ, et al. Acculturative stress as a moderator of treatment engagement and retention in behavioral activation and treatment as usual for Latinos with depression. Special Issue: Evidence-Based Treatments With Latinas/os 2017;5(4):275-89. [DOI: 10.1037/lat0000074] - DOI
    1. Santos MM. Is the therapeutic alliance associated with and predictive of treatment retention and outcome among Latinos? A secondary analysis of an RCT of behavioral activation for Latinos with depression versus treatment-as-usual [thesis]. Vol. 78. Milwaukee (US): University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2017.
Kelly 1983 {published data only}
    1. Kelly FD, Dowd ET, Duffey DK. A comparison of cognitive and behavioural intervention strategies in the treatment of depression. British Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 1983;1(2):51-8.
Kornblith 1980 {published data only}
    1. Kornblith SJ. Evaluating the contribution of self reinforcement training and behavioral assignments of the efficacy of self control therapy for depression [thesis]. Dissertation abstracts international 1980;41(1-B):0354-0355 .
Luo 2020 {published data only}
    1. Luo H, Lou VW, Chen C, Chi I. The effectiveness of the positive mood and active life program on reducing depressive symptoms in long-term care facilities. Gerontologist 2020;60(1):193-204. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/gny120] - DOI - PubMed
Ly 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ly KH, Carlbring P, Andersson G. Behavioral activation-based guided self-help treatment administered through a smartphone application: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:62. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-62] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ly KH, Truschel A, Jarl L, Magnusson S, Windahl T, Johansson R, et al. Behavioural activation versus mindfulness-based guided self-help treatment administered through a smartphone application: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014;4(1):e003440. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003440] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01463020. Behavioural activation-based treatment administered through smartphone [Behavioural activation-based guided self-help treatment administered through a smartphone application]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01463020 (first received 19 June 2013).
McCluskey 2018 {published data only}
    1. McCluskey DL. Examining the efficacy of a 1-session brief behavioral activation intervention with university students with mild to moderate depressive symptoms [thesis]. Vol. 79. Morgantown (US): West Virginia University, 2018.
McIndoo 2016 {published data only}
    1. McIndoo CC, File AA, Preddy T, Clark CG, Hopko DR. Mindfulness-based therapy and behavioral activation: a randomized controlled trial with depressed college students. Behaviour Research Therapy 2016;77:118-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.012] - DOI - PubMed
    1. McIndoo CC. Mindfulness-based therapy and behavioral activation: a randomized controlled trial with depressed college students [thesis]. Knoxville (US): University of Tennessee, 2015. - PubMed
McNamara 1986 {published data only}
    1. McNamara K, Horan JJ. Experimental construct validity in the evaluation of cognitive and behavioral treatments for depression. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1986;33(1):23-30. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.33.1.23] - DOI
Meeks 2008 {published data only}
    1. Meeks S, Looney SW, Haitsma K, Teri L. BE-ACTIV: a staff-assisted behavioral intervention for depression in nursing homes. Gerontologist 2008;48(1):105-14. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/48.1.105] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00056485. Treatment of depression in nursing homes [Behavioral intervention for depression in nursing homes]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00056485 (first received 13 April 2017).
    1. NCT00536406. Evaluating a behavioral activities treatment program for depressed nursing home residents (BE-ACTIV) [BE-ACTIV: Treating Depression in Nursing Homes]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00536406 (first received 13 April 2017).
Moradveisi 2015 {published data only}
    1. IRCT138807192573N1. A randomized controlled trial of behavioral activation and treatment as usual in the acute treatments of adults with major depressive disorder. en.irct.ir/trial/2321 (first received 16 January 2010).
    1. Moradveisi L, Huibers MJ, Arntz A. The influence of patients' attributions of the immediate effects of treatment of depression on long-term effectiveness of behavioural activation and antidepressant medication. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2015;69:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.04.007] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Moradveisi L, Huibers MJ, Renner F, Arasteh M, Arntz A. "Results for behavioural activation are overstated": Reply. British Journal of Psychiatry 2013;202(6):466-67. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.202.6.466a] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Moradveisi L, Huibers MJ, Renner F, Arasteh M, Arntz A. Behavioural activation v. antidepressant medication for treating depression in Iran: randomised trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2013;202(3):204-11. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113696] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Moradveisi L. Behavioral activation for depressed patients in Iran: Effectiveness, predictors and mediators in the context of a randomized trial [thesis]. Maastricht: Maastricht University, 2015.
Nasrin 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nasrin F, Rimes K, Reinecke A, Rinck M, Barnhofer T. Effects of brief behavioural activation on approach and avoidance tendencies in acute depression: preliminary findings. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2017;45(1):58-72. [DOI: 10.1017/S1352465816000394] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nasrin F. Investigating mechanisms of behavioural activation for depression [thesis]. London (UK): Kings College London, 2014.
Padfield 1976 {published data only}
    1. Padfield M. The comparative effects of two counseling approaches on the intensity of depression among rural women of low socioeconomic status. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1976;23(3):209-14. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.23.3.209] - DOI
Raue 2019 {published data only}
    1. Raue PJ, Sirey JA, Dawson A, Berman J, Bruce ML. Lay‐delivered behavioral activation for depressed senior center clients: Pilot RCT. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2019;34(11):1715-23. [DOI: 10.1002/gps.5186] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rehm 1982 {published data only}
    1. Rehm LP, Rabin AS, Kaslow NJ, Willard R. Cognitive and behavioral targets in a self-control therapy program for depression. Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Los Angeles, CA. November 20 1982.
Richards 2017 {published data only}
    1. Finning K, Richards DA, Moore L, Ekers D, McMillan D, Farrand PA, et al. Cost and outcome of behavioural activation versus cognitive behavioural therapy for depression (COBRA): a qualitative process evaluation. BMJ Open 2017;7(4):e014161. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014161] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. HTA. COBRA (Cost and Outcome of Behavioural Activation): a randomised controlled trial of behavioural activation versus cognitive behaviour therapy for depression [HTA - 10/50/14 Protocol]. Health Technology Assessment 2012. - PMC - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN27473954. COBRA: Cost and Outcome of BehaviouRal Activation [COBRA (Cost and Outcome of BehaviouRal Activation): a two-arm Phase III, non-inferiority, patient level, randomised controlled trial of behavioural activation versus cognitive behaviour therapy]. isrctn.com/ISRCTN27473954 (first received 5 December 2011).
    1. Rhodes S, Richards DA, Ekers D, McMillan D, Byford S, Farrand PA, et al. Cost and outcome of behavioural activation versus cognitive behaviour therapy for depression (COBRA): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2014;15:29. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-29] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Richards DA, Ekers D, McMillan D, Taylor RS, Byford S, Warren FC, et al. Cost and Outcome of Behavioural Activation versus Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Depression (COBRA): a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2016;388(10047):871-80. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31140-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shaw 1977 {published data only}
    1. Shaw BF. A systematic investigation of two psychological treatments of depression [thesis]. Vol. 36. London (Canada): Western University, 1976.
    1. Shaw BF. Comparison of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy in the treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1977;45(4 CNO - CN-00216117):543-51. [DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.45.4.543] - DOI - PubMed
Skinner 1984 {published data only}
    1. Skinner DA. Self-control of depression: A comparison of behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy [thesis]. Vol. 45. United States International University, 1984.
Stiles‐Shields 2019 {published data only}
    1. Stiles-Shields C, Montague E, Kwasny MJ, Mohr DC. Behavioral and cognitive intervention strategies delivered via coached apps for depression: Pilot trial. Psychological Services 2019;16(2):233-8. [DOI: 10.1037/ser0000261] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Takagaki 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mori A, Okamoto Y, Okada G, Takagaki K, Takamura M, Jinnin R, et al. Effects of behavioural activation on the neural circuit related to intrinsic motivation. British Journal of Psychiatry Open 2018;4(5):317-23. [DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2018.40] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Takagaki K, Jinnin R, Mori A, Nishiyama Y, Yamamura T, Yokoyama S et al. Enduring effects of a 5-week behavioral activation program for subthreshold depression among late adolescents: An exploratory randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2018;14:2633-41. [DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S172385] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Takagaki K, Jinnin R, Mori A, Nishiyama Y, Yamamura T, Yokoyama S, et al. Behavioral activation for late adolescents with subthreshold depression: a randomized controlled trial. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2016;25(11):1171-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0842-5] - DOI - PubMed
Taylor 1977 {published data only}
    1. Taylor FG, Marshall WL. Experimental analysis of a cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1977;1(1 CNO - CN-00216245):59-72.
Thomas 1987 {published data only}
    1. Thomas JR, Petry RA, Goldman JR. Comparison of cognitive and behavioral self-control treatments of depression. Psychological Reports 1987;60(3, Pt 1):975-82. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3.975] - DOI - PubMed
Thompson 1987 {published data only}
    1. Smith CA. The comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies for depressed elders: Interaction between individual attributes and therapeutic models [thesis]. Dissertation abstracts international 1995;56(6-B CNO - CN-00711179):3464.
    1. Thompson LW, Gallagher D, Breckenridge JS. Comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies for depressed elders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1987;55(3):385-90. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.55.3.385] - DOI - PubMed
Toghyani 2018 {published data only}
    1. Toghyani M, Kajbaf MB, Amir G. Adherence to Islamic lifestyle as a cost-effective treatment for depression. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 2018;21(8):797-809. [DOI: 10.1080/13674676.2018.1551342] - DOI
van den Hout 1995 {published data only}
    1. den Hout JH, Arntz A, Kunkels FH. Efficacy of a self-control therapy program in a psychiatric day-treatment center. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1995;92(1):25-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09538.x] - DOI - PubMed
Vázquez 2014 {published data only}
    1. Vázquez FL, Torres A, Ptero P, Blanco V, Diaz O, Estevez LE. Analysis of the components of a cognitive-behavioral intervention administered via conference call for preventing depression among non-professional caregivers: a pilot study. Aging and Mental Health 2017;21(9):938-46. [DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1181714] - DOI - PubMed
Weinberg 1978 {published data only}
    1. Weinberg L. Behaviorally and cognitively oriented approaches to the alleviation of depressive symptoms in college students [thesis]. Dissertation abstracts international 1978;38(7-B):3422-3.
Weobong 2017 {published data only}
    1. Patel V, Weobong B, Weiss HA, Anand A, Bhat B, Katti B, et al. The Healthy Activity Program (HAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for severe depression, in primary care in India: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017;389(10065):176-85. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31589-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weobong B, Weiss HA, McDaid D, Singla DR, Hollon SD, Nadkarni A, et al. Sustained effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Healthy Activity Programme, a brief psychological treatment for depression delivered by lay counsellors in primary care: 12-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. PLOS Medicine 2017;14(9):e1002385. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002385] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wilson 1983 {published data only}
    1. Wilson PH, Goldin JC, Charbonneau-Powis M. Comparative efficacy of behavioral and cognitive treatments of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1983;7(2):111-24.
Xie 2019 {published data only}
    1. Xie J, He G, Ding S, Pan C, Zhang X, Zhou J, et al. A randomized study on the effect of modified behavioral activation treatment for depressive symptoms in rural left-behind elderly. Psychotherapy Research 2019;29(3):372-82. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2017.1364444] - DOI - PubMed
Zeiss 1979 {published data only}
    1. Zeiss AM, Lewinsohn PM, Muñoz RF. Nonspecific improvement effects in depression using interpersonal skills training, pleasant activity schedules, or cognitive training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1979;47(3):427-39. [DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.47.3.427] - DOI - PubMed
Zemestani 2016 {published data only}
    1. Zemestani M, Davoodi I, Honarmand MM, Zargar Y, Ottaviani C. Comparative effects of group metacognitive therapy versus behavioural activation in moderately depressed students. Journal of Mental Health 2016;25(6):479-85. [DOI: 10.3109/09638237.2015.1057326] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Almeida 2018 {published data only}
    1. Almeida OP. BAN-Dep: a Trial to decrease the prevalence of depression in Australian nursing homes [A randomised control trial of Behavioral activation among older Australians living in nursing homes to treat and prevent depression - The BAN-Dep Trial]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12618000634279.aspx (first received 6 April 2018).
Arjadi 2018a {published data only}
    1. Arjadi R. A step toward bridging the mental health gap using the internet: internet interventions for common mental health disorders in low and middle income countries, and treating depression in Indonesia [thesis]. Groningen: University of Groningen, 2018.
Bagnall 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bagnall KM. Long-term follow-up of NetmumsHWD: a feasibility randomised controlled trial of telephone supported online behavioural activation for postnatal depression at 16 months post-randomisation [thesis]. Exeter (UK): University of Exeter, 2014.
Barrera 1979 {published data only}
    1. Barrera M. An evaluation of a brief group therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1979;47(2):413-5. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.47.2.413] - DOI - PubMed
Cernin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cernin P, Lichtenberg P. Behavioral treatment for depressed mood: A pleasant events intervention for seniors residing in assisted living. Special Issue: Long-term care 2009;32(3):324-31. [DOI: 10.1080/07317110902896547] - DOI
Clignet 2012 {published data only}
    1. Clignet F, Meijel B, Straten A, Cuijpers P. The systematic activation method as a nursing intervention in depressed elderly: a protocol for a multi–centre cluster randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12:144. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-144] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dimidjian 2017 {published data only}
    1. Dimidjian, S, Goodman SH, Sherwood NE, Simon GE, Ludman E, Gallop R, et al. A pragmatic randomized clinical trial of behavioral activation for depressed pregnant women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2017;85(1):26-36. [DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000151] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Egede 2018 {published data only}
    1. Egede LE, Acierno R, Knapp RG, Lejeuz C, Hernandez-Tejada M, Payne EH, et al. Psychotherapy for depression in older veterans via telemedicine: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2015;2(8):693-701. [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00122-4] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Egede LE, Dismuke CE, Walker RJ, Acierno R, Freuh BC. Cost-effectiveness of behavioral activation for depression in older adult veterans: in-person care versus telehealth. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2018;79(5):28. [DOI: 10.4088/JCP.17m11888] - DOI - PubMed
Farrand 2014 {published data only}
    1. Farrand P, Pentecost C, Greaves C, Taylor RS, Warren F, Green C, et al. A written self-help intervention for depressed adults comparing behavioural activation combined with physical activity promotion with a self-help intervention based upon behavioural activation alone: study protocol for a parallel group pilot randomised controlled trial (BAcPAc). Trials 2014;15:196. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-196] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gallagher 1983 {published data only}
    1. Gallagher DE, Thompson LW. Effectiveness of psychotherapy for both endogenous and nonendogenous depression in older adult outpatients. Journals of Gerontology 1983;38(6 CNO - CN-00350623):707-12. - PubMed
Lambert 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lambert JD, Greaves CJ, Farrand P, Price L, Haase AM, Tahlor AH. Web-based intervention using behavioral activation and physical activity for adults with depression (the eMotion study): pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2018;20(7):e10112. [DOI: 10.2196/10112] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lambert JD. A pilot randomized controlled trial of an intervention for adults with depression: the eMotion study [A pilot randomized controlled trial of a web-based intervention using behavioral activation and physical activity for adults with depression: the eMotion study]. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03084055 (first received 20 March 2017). - PMC - PubMed
Luxton 2012 {published data only}
    1. Luxton DD. A randomized controlled trial of in-home tele-behavioral health care utilizing behavioral activation for depression. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01599585 (first received 16 May 2012).
Ly 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ly KH, Topooco N, Cederlund H, Wallin A, Bergstrom J, Molander O, et al. Smartphone-supported versus full behavioural activation for depression: a randomised controlled trial. PLOS One 2015;10(5):e0126559. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126559] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mausbach 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mausbach BT. Mobile web-based behavioral intervention for improving caregiver well-being. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03506945 (first received 24 April 2018).
McKendree Smith 2000 {published data only}
    1. McKendree-Smith NL. Cognitive and behavioral bibliotherapy for depression: an examination of efficacy and mediators and moderators of change [thesis]. Vol. 60. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama, 2000.
McLean 1973 {published data only}
    1. McLean PD, Ogston K, Grauer L. A behavioral approach to the treatment of depression. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1973;4(4):323-30. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-7916%2873%2990002-5] - DOI
McLean 1979 {published data only}
    1. McLean PD, Hakstian AR. Clinical depression: comparative efficacy of outpatient treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1979;47(5):818-36. - PubMed
Moss 2012 {published data only}
    1. Moss K, Scogin F, Di Napoli E, Presnell A. A self-help behavioral activation treatment for geriatric depressive symptoms. Aging & Mental Health 2012;16(5):625-35. [DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2011.651435] - DOI - PubMed
Pentecost 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pentecost C, Farrand P, Greaves CJ, Taylor RS, Warren FC, Hillsdon M, et al. Combining behavioural activation with physical activity promotion for adults with depression: findings of a parallel-group pilot randomised controlled trial (BAcPAc). Trials 2015;16:367. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0881-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rehm 1981 {published data only}
    1. Rehm LP, Kornblith SJ, O'Hara MW. An evaluation of major components in a self-control therapy program for depression. Behavior Modification 1981;5(4):459-89.
Shapiro 1974 {published data only}
    1. Shapiro MB, Shapiro DA. Experiments on the feeling of depression. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 1974;13(Pt 2):191-9. - PubMed
Soucy 2018 {published data only}
    1. Soucy I, Provencher M, Fortier M, McFadden T. Efficacy of guided self-help behavioural activation and physical activity for depression: a randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 2017;46(6):493-506. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2017.1337806] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Soucy I, Provencher MD, Fortier M, McFadden T. Secondary outcomes of the guided self-help behavioral activation and physical activity for depression trial. Journal of Mental Health 2018;28(4):410-418. [DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2018.1466031] - DOI - PubMed
Stein 2017 {published data only}
    1. Stein AT. A pilot study of therapist guided activity practice for depressive symptoms. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03327259 (first received 31 October 2017).
Turner 1979 {published data only}
    1. Turner RW, Ward MF, Turner DJ. Behavioral treatment for depression: an evaluation of therapeutic components. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1979;35(1):166-75. - PubMed
Watkins 2016 {published data only}
    1. Watkins E, Newbold A, Tester-Jones M, JAvaid M, Cadman J, Collins LM, et al. Implementing multifactorial psychotherapy research in online virtual environments (IMPROVE-2): study protocol for a phase III trial of the MOST randomized component selection method for internet cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression. BMC Psychiatry 2016;16(1):345. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1054-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Bolin 1974 {published data only}
    1. Bolin DC, Kivens L. Evaluation in a community mental health center: Huntsville, Alabama. Evaluation: The International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice 1974;2(1):26-35. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Bollenbach 1983 {published data only}
    1. Bollenbach A. A comparison of three cognitive treatments in alleviating depression. In: 63rd Annual Meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA, April 6-10. 1983:84.
Central South University {published data only}
    1. The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. A modified behavioral activation treatment for geriatric depressive symptoms in left-behind elderly in rural china. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02785211 (first received 27 May 2016).
Jalili 2014 {published data only}
    1. Jalili A, Farid AA, Gharaei B, Soleymani M, Parisa F. Effectiveness of group behavioral activation treatment on depressive symptoms and dysfunctional attitudes. Psychological Research 2014;17(1):45-66.
Naeem 2015 {published data only}
    1. Naeem F. Pilot RCT to test effectiveness of the ACE4 (Activity Challenge-4 areas) for depression and anxiety [A pilot RCT to test effectiveness of the ACE4 (Activity Challenge-4 areas) for depression and anxiety: a behavioural activation based game]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02538549 (first received 2 September 2015).
Pace 1978 {published data only}
    1. Pace FR. Behavioral techniques in the treatment of depression. Dissertation Abstracts International 1978;39(2-B):0992.
Steffen 1998 {published data only}
    1. Steffen AM, Futterman A, Gallagher-Thompson D. Depressed caregivers: comparative outcomes of two interventions. Clinical Gerontologist 1998;19(4):3-15.
Weiss 2010 {published data only}
    1. Weiss B. Paraprofessional treatment of depression in Vietnam. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01006694 (first received 3 November 2009).

References to ongoing studies

Almeida 2016 {published data only}
    1. Almeida O. The MIRROR2 pilot study: prevention of major depressIon among older people living in regional and remote areas of Western Australia [Randomised controlled trial to determine if a behavioural activation intervention reduces the onset of a Major Depressive Episode in older people with subsyndromal depression living in remote and regional Western Australia]. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12616001398493.aspx (first received 5 October 2016).
    1. Almeida OP. The MIRROR1 pilot study: treatMent of depressIon among older people living in Regional and RemOte aReas. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=368500 (first received 5 October 2016).
Banerjee 2019 {published data only}
    1. Banerjee M. Cognitive control training for depression [Cognitive control training for depression: a randomized controlled trial]. isrctn.com/ISRCTN13666367 (first received 11 September 2019).
Botella 2015 {published data only}
    1. Botella C, Baños R. Efficacy of two internet delivered intervention programs for depression: behavioral activation vs physical activity (PROMETEOII) [Treatment of depression: efficacy and efficiency of two self-administered online intervention protocols based on behavioral activation and physical activity]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02369393 (first received 23 February 2015).
Daphne 2017 {published data only}
    1. Daphne J, Lejeuz CW, Kustanowitz J, Felton J, Diaz VA, Player MS, et al. Moodivate: a self-help behavioral activation mobile app for utilization in primary care-Development and clinical considerations. International Journal of Psychiatric Medicine 2017;52(2):160-75. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lejuez CW. Development and testing of a behavioral activation mobile therapy for elevated depressive systems. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02498132 (first received 13 September 2019).
Haynes 2018 {published data only}
    1. Haynes T, Turner J, Smith J, Curran G, Bryant-Moore K, Ounpraseuth ST, et al. Reducing depressive symptoms through behavioral activation in churches: a hybrid-2 randomized effectiveness-implementation design. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;64:22-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hutchins EM. Reducing depressive symptoms among rural African Americans (REJOICE) [Reducing depressive symptoms among rural African Americans]. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02860741 (first received 9 August 2016).
Isometsä 2016 {published data only}
    1. Isometsä E. Effectiveness of add-on group behavioral activation treatment for depression in psychiatric care [Effectiveness of group format behavioral activation treatment for depression or peer support groups added on usual treatment vs treatment as usual for depression in psychiatric care]. isrctn.com/ISRCTN10647845 (first received 21 October 2016).
Janssen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Janssen N, Huibers MJ, Lucassen P, Voshaar RO, Marwijk H, Bosman J, et al. Behavioural activation by mental health nurses for late-life depression in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17(1):230. - PMC - PubMed
Massoudi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Massoudi B, Blanker MH, Valen E, Wouters H, Bockting CL, Burger H. Blended care vs. usual care in the treatment of depressive symptoms and disorders in general practice [BLENDING]: study protocol of a non-inferiority randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17(1):218. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1376-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ruzickova 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ruzickova T, Murphy S, Harmer C. Effects of behavioural activation on emotional cognition and mood (protocol). Pharmacological Reports 2019;71(6):1313.
Sakai 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sakai M. Randomized controlled trial of behavioral activation group therapy for depression in undergraduate students. upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000034033 (first received 1 November 2017).
Samaan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chum J, Kim MS, Zielinski L, Bhatt M, Chung D, Yeung S, et al. Acceptability of the Fitbit in beahvioural activation therapy for depression: a qualitative study. Evidence Based Mental Health 2017;20(4):128-33. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Samaan Z. A pilot study to assess the effectiveness of behaviouRal ActiVation Group Program in Patients With dEpression (BRAVE). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02045771 (first received 27 January 2014).
    1. Samaan Z. A study to assess the effectiveness of behavioural activation group therapy in individuals with depression (BRAVE) [A pragmatic randomized trial to investigate the effectiveness of behavioural activation group therapy in reducing depressive symptoms and improving quality of life in patient with depression: BRAVE Study]. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02297282 (first received 21 November 2014).
Schaich 2018 {published data only}
    1. Schaich A, Heikaus L, Assmann N, Kohne S, Jauch-Chara K, Huppe M, et al. PRO MDD study protocol: effectiveness of outpatient treatment programs for major depressive disorder: metacognitive therapy vs. behavioral activation a single-center randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2018;9:584. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00584] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
University of Pennsylvania 2016 {published data only}
    1. University of Pennsylvania. Feasibility of a behavioral activation trial [Feasibility of a behavioral activation trial in community mental health]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02992158 (first received 14 December 2016).
VA Office of Research and Development 2014 {published data only}
    1. VA Office of Research and Development. Improving mood in veterans in primary care [RCT of behavioral activation for depression and suicidality in primary care]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02276807 (first received 28 October 2014).
Velasquez Reyes 2019 {published data only}
    1. Velasquez Reyes D, Patel H, Lautenschlager N, Ford A, Curran E, Kelly R et al. Behavioural activation in nursing homes to treat depression (BAN-Dep): study protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(10):e032421. - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

APA 1980
    1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). 3rd edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
APA 1987
    1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R). 3rd edition, revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
APA 1994
    1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
APA 2000
    1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). 4th edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
APA 2013
    1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
Arroll 2009
    1. Arroll B, Elley CR, Fishman T, Goodyear-Smith FA, Kenealy T, Blashki G, et al. Antidepressants versus placebo for depression in primary care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007954] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Barbato 2018
    1. Barbato A, D'Avanzo B, Parabiaghi A. Couple therapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004188.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Beck 1961
    1. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelsohn M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1961;4:561-71. - PubMed
Beck 1979
    1. Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guildford Press, 1979.
Beck 1988
    1. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1988;56(6):893-7. - PubMed
Bennett‐Levy 2004
    1. Bennett-Levy J, Butler G, Fennell M, Hackmann A, Mueller M, Westbrook D. Oxford Guide to Behavioural Experiments in Cognitive Therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Bernstein 1973
    1. Bernstein DA, Borkovec TD. Progressive Relaxation Training. Champaign, Illinois: Research Press, 1973.
Bowlby 1980
    1. Bowlby J. Loss: sadness & depression. In: Attachment and Loss (Vol 3). London: Hogarth Press, 1980.
Brooks 1995
    1. Brooks R. EuroQol: the current state of play. Health Policy 1995;37:53-72. - PubMed
Cain 2002
    1. Cain DJ, Seeman J. Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research and Practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2002.
Churchill 2000
    1. Churchill R, Khaira M, Gretton V, Chilvers C, Dewey M, Duggan C, et al. Treating depression in general practice: factors affecting patients' treatment preferences. British Journal of General Practice 2000;50(460):905-6. - PMC - PubMed
Churchill 2013
    1. Churchill R, Moore TH, Furukawa TA, Caldwell DM, Davies P, Jones H, et al. 'Third wave' cognitive and behavioural therapies versus treatment as usual for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008705.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Cipriani 2009a
    1. Cipriani A, Santilli C, Furukawa TA, Signoretti A, Nakagawa A, McGuire H, et al. Escitalopram versus other antidepressive agents for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006532.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cipriani 2009b
    1. Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Geddes JR, Higgins JP, Churchill R, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;373(9665):746-58. - PubMed
Cipriani 2010
    1. Cipriani A, La Ferla T, Furukawa TA, Signoretti A, Nakagawa A, Churchill R, et al. Sertraline versus other antidepressive agents for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006117.pub4] - DOI - PubMed
Cuijpers 2014
    1. Cuijpers P, Vogelzangs N, Twisk J, Kleiboer A, Li J, Penninx BW. Comprehensive meta-analysis of excess mortality in depression in the general community versus patients with specific illnesses. American Journal of Psychiatry 2014;171(4):453-62. - PubMed
da Costa 2012
    1. da Costa BR, Rutjes AW, Johnston BC, Reichenbach S, Nuesch E, Tonia T, et al. Methods to convert continuous outcomes into odds ratios of treatment response and numbers needed to treat: meta-epidemiological study. International Journal of Epidemiology 2012;41:1445-59. - PubMed
de Shazer 1988
    1. Shazer S. Clues: Investigating Solutions in Brief Therapy. New York, NY: WW Norton & Co, 1988.
Deeks 1997
    1. Deeks JJ. Are you sure that's a standard deviation? (part 1). Cochrane News 1997;10:11-2.
Deeks 2017
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG (editors) on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JP, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017), Cochrane, 2017. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Dimidjian 2011
    1. Dimidjian S, Barrera M Jr, Martell C, Muñoz RF, Lewinsohn PM. The origins and current status of behavioral activation treatments for depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2011;7:1-38. - PubMed
Ekers 2014
    1. Ekers D, Webster L, Van Straten A, Cuijpers P, Richards D, Gilbody S. Behavioural activation for depression; an update of meta-analysis of effectiveness and sub group analysis. PLOS One 2014;9(6):e100100. - PMC - PubMed
Eurostat 2014
    1. Eurostat. European Health Interview Survey (EHIS). ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Mental_health_and_r.... (Accessed 20 Feb 2019).
Eysenck 1960
    1. Eysenck HJ. Behavior Therapy and the Neuroses. Oxford: Pergamon, 1960.
Fawzi 2012
    1. Fawzi W, Abdel Mohsen M, Hashem A, Moussa S, Cooker E, Wilson K. Beliefs about medications predict adherence to antidepressants in older adults. International Psychogeriatrics 2012;24(1):159-69. - PubMed
Freud 1949
    1. Freud S. An Outline of Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
Furukawa 2005
    1. Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, Barbui C, Brambilla P, Watanabe N. Imputing response rates from means and standard deviations in meta-analysis. Internal Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005;20:49-52. - PubMed
Furukawa 2006
    1. Furukawa TA, Barbui C, Cipriani A, Brambilla P, Watanabe N. Imputing missing standard deviations in meta-analyses can provide accurate results. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59:7-10. - PubMed
GRADEpro 2015 [Computer program]
    1. GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed prior to 5 April 2019. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), 2015.Available at gradepro.org.
Greenberg 2015
    1. Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Pike CT, Kessler RC. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2015;76(2):155-62. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Guaiana 2007
    1. Guaiana G, Barbui C, Hotopf M. Amitriptyline for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004186.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hamilton 1959
    1. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1959;32(1):50-5. - PubMed
Hamilton 1960
    1. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62. - PMC - PubMed
Hayes 2007
    1. Hayes SC, Hofmann SG. The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rice of process-based care. World Psychiatry 2007;16(3):245-46. - PMC - PubMed
Henken 2007
    1. Henken HT, Huibers MJ, Churchill R, Restifo K, Roelofs J. Family therapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006728] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JP, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 16: Special topics in statistics. In: Higgins JP, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Higgins 2016
    1. Higgins JP, Sterne JA, Savović J, Page MJ, Hróbjartsson A, Boutron I, et al. A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials In: Chandler J, McKenzie J, Boutron I, Welch V (editors). Cochrane Methods. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 10 (Suppl 1). sites.google.com/site/riskofbiastool/welcome/rob-2-0-tool?authuser=0. Accessed 15 Feb 2019 . [DOI: ]
Ho 2016
    1. Ho SC, Chong HY, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tangiisuran B, Jacob SA. Clinical and economic impact of non-adherence to antidepressants in major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Journal of affective disorders 2016;193:1-10. - PubMed
Hobson 1985
    1. Hobson RF. Forms of Feeling: The Heart of Psychotherapy. London: Tavistock Publications, 1985.
Hofmann 2008
    1. Hofmann SG, Asmundson GJG. Acceptance and mindfulness-based therapy: new wave or old hat? Clinical Psychology Review 2008;28(1):1-16. - PubMed
Hollon 1990
    1. Hollon S, Garber J. Cognitive therapy for depression: a social cognitive perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1990;16:58-73.
Hopko 2003a
    1. Hopko DR, Lejuez CW, Ruggiero KJ, Eifert GH. Contemporary behavioral activation treatments for depression: procedures, principles, and progress. Clinical Psychology Review 2003;23(5):699-717. - PubMed
Hunot 2007
    1. Hunot VM, Horne R, Leese MN, Churchill RC. A cohort study of adherence to antidepressants in primary care: the influence of antidepressant concerns and treatment preferences. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2007;9(2):91-9. - PMC - PubMed
Hunot 2013
    1. Hunot V, Moore TH, Caldwell DM, Furukawa TA, Davies P, Jones H, et al. 'Third wave' cognitive and behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008704.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ilyas 2012
    1. Ilyas S, Moncrieff J. Trends in prescriptions and costs of drugs for mental disorders in England, 1998-2010. British Journal of Psychiatry 2012;200(5):393-8. - PubMed
Jackson 1985
    1. Jackson HJ, Moss JD, Solinski S. Social skills training—an effective treatment for unipolar nonpsychotic depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1985;19(4):342-53. - PubMed
Jacobson 2001
    1. Jacobson NS, Martell CR, Dimidjian S. Behavioral activation treatment for depression: returning to contextual roots. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2001;8(3):255-70.
Jung 1963
    1. Jung CG, Jaffe A, Winston C. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. New York: Pantheon Books, 1963.
Kanter 2010
    1. Kanter JW, Manos RC, Bowe WM, Baruch DE, Busch AM, Rusch LC. What is behavioral activation? A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review 2010;30(6):608-20. - PubMed
Klein 1960
    1. Klein M. Our Adult World and Its Roots in Infancy. London: Tavistock, 1960.
Klerman 1984
    1. Klerman GL, Weissman MM, Rousaville BJ, Chevron ES. Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression. New York: Basic Books, 1984.
Lazarus 1971
    1. Lazarus AA. Behavior Therapy and Beyond. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1971.
Lewinsohn 1974
    1. Lewinsohn PM. A behavioural approach to depression. In: Friedman RJ, Katz MM, editors(s). The Psychology of Depression: Contemporary Theory and Research. Washington, DC: Winston, 1974:157-78.
Lewinsohn 1984
    1. Lewinsohn PM. The Coping With Depression Course: A Psychoeducational Intervention for Unipolar Depression. Eugene, OR: Castalia Publishing Company, 1984.
Magni 2013
    1. Magni LR, Purgato M, Gastaldon C, Papola D, Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, et al. Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004185.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Malan 1963
    1. Malan DH. A Study of Brief Psychotherapy. London: Tavistock, 1963.
Mann 1973
    1. Mann J. Time-Limited Psychotherapy. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press, 1973.
Martell 2010
    1. Martell C, Dimidjian S, Herman-Dunn R. Behavioral activation for depression: a clinicians guide. 1 edition. New York: Guilford Press, 2010.
Maslow 1943
    1. Maslow AH. A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review 1943;50:270-96.
May 1961
    1. May R. Existential Psychology. New York: Random House, 1961.
McHugh 2013
    1. McHugh RK, Whitton SW, Peckham AD, Welge JA, Otto MW. Patient preference for psychological vs. pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2013;74(6):595. - PMC - PubMed
Moher 2009
    1. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLOS Medicine 2009;6(7):e1000097. - PMC - PubMed
Montgomery 1979
    1. Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry 1979;134:382-9. - PubMed
Nelson‐Jones 1990
    1. Nelson-Jones R. The Theory and Practice of Counselling Psychology. London: Cassell, 1990.
NICE 2009
    1. NICE. Depression: treatment management of depression in adults, including adults with a chronic physical health problem. In: Clinical Guidelines 09 and 91. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2009.
O'Connell 2007
    1. O'Connell B. Solution-focused therapy. In: Dryden W, editors(s). Dryden's Handbook of Individual Therapy. London: Sage, 2007.
Rachman 1997
    1. Rachman SJ. The evolution of cognitive behaviour therapy. In: Clark DM, Fairburn CG, editors(s). Science and Practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997:2-26.
Review Manager 2014 [Computer program]
    1. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Richards 2013
    1. Richards DA, Hill JJ, Gask L, Lovell K, Chew-Graham C, Bower P, et al. Clinical effectiveness of collaborative care for depression in UK primary care (CADET): cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;347:f4913. - PMC - PubMed
Richards 2016
    1. Richards DA, Ekers D, McMillan D, Taylor RS, Byford S, Warren FC, et al. Cost and outcome of behavioural activation versus cognitive behavioural therapy for depression (COBRA): a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2016;388(10047):871-80. - PMC - PubMed
Riedel‐Heller 2005
    1. Riedel-Heller SG, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC. Mental disorders—who and what might help? Help-seeking and treatment preferences of the lay public. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2005;40(2):167-74. - PubMed
Rogers 1951
    1. Rogers C. Client-centered Therapy: its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable, 1951.
Ryle 1990
    1. Ryle A. Cognitive-Analytic Therapy—Active Participation in Change: New Integration in Brief Psychotherapy. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1990.
Schünemann 2017a
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, et al, on behalf of the Cochrane Applicability and Recommendations Methods Group. Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JP, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). Cochrane, 2017. Available from: training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Schünemann 2017b
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JP, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH. Chapter 11: Presenting results and ‘Summary of findings’ tables. In: Higgins JP, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS, editors(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Collaboration, 2017.
Shapiro 1990
    1. Shapiro DA, Startup MJ. Raters' Manual for the Sheffield Psychotherapy Rating Scale. Sheffield: MRC/ESRC Social and Applied Psychology Unit, University of Sheffield, 1990.
Shinohara 2013
    1. Shinohara K, Honyashiki M, Imai H, Hunot V, Caldwell DM, Davies P, et al. Behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008696.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Skinner 1953
    1. Skinner BF. Science and Human Behaviour. New York: Free Press, 1953.
Spielberger 1983
    1. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene R, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1983.
Sterne 2017
    1. Sterne JA, Egger M, Moher D, Boutron I (editors). Chapter 10: Addressing reporting biases. In: Higgins JP, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017), Cochrane, 2017. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Stiles 2008
    1. Stiles WB, Barkham M, Mellor-Clark J, Connell J. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural, person-centred, and psychodynamic therapies in UK primary-care routine practice: replication in a larger sample. Psychological Medicine 2008;38(5):677-88. - PubMed
Strupp 1984
    1. Strupp H, Binder J. Psychotherapy in a New Key: A Guide to Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books, 1984.
Uphoff 2019b
    1. Uphoff E, Pires M, Barbui C, Barua D, Churchill R, Ekers D, Fottrell E, Mazumdar P, Purgato M, Rana R, Wright J, Siddiqi N. Behavioural activation therapies for depression in adults with non-communicable diseases. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013461] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
van Geffen 2009
    1. Van Geffen EC, Gardarsdottir H, Van Hulten R, Van Dijk L, Egberts AC, Heerdink ER. Initiation of antidepressant therapy: do patients follow the GP's prescription? British Journal of General Practice 2009;59(559):81-7. - PMC - PubMed
Vos 2017
    1. Vos T, GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017;390(10100):1211-59. - PMC - PubMed
Watson 1924
    1. Watson JB. Behaviorism. New York: WW Norton, 1924.
Watzlavick 1974
    1. Watzlavick P, Weakland J, Fisch R. Change: Principles of Problem Formation and Problem Resolution. New York: WW Norton, 1974.
Weissman 2007
    1. Weissman MM, Markowitz JC, Klerman GL. Clinician's Quick Guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
WHO 1978
    1. World Health Organization (WHO). The Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related HealthProblems (ICD-9). Geneva: WHO, 1978.
WHO 1992
    1. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Geneva: WHO, 1992.
Williams 1997
    1. Williams JM. Specific problems and disorders: depression. In: Clark DA, Fairburn Christopher G, editors(s). Science and Practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Wolpe 1958
    1. Wolpe J. Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwatersrand University Press, 1958.

References to other published versions of this review

Uphoff 2019a
    1. Uphoff E, Ekers D, Dawson S, Richards D, Churchill R. Behavioural activation therapies for depression in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013305] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types