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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Jul 10;7(7):CD013600.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub2.

Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review

Vanessa Piechotta  1 , Khai Li Chai  2 , Sarah J Valk  3   4 , Carolyn Doree  5 , Ina Monsef  1 , Erica M Wood  2 , Abigail Lamikanra  6 , Catherine Kimber  5 , Zoe McQuilten  2 , Cynthia So-Osman  7   8 , Lise J Estcourt  9 , Nicole Skoetz  10
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review

Vanessa Piechotta et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and are currently being investigated in trials as potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding the benefits and risks is required. OBJECTIVES: To continually assess, as more evidence becomes available, whether convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin transfusion is effective and safe in treatment of people with COVID-19.

Search methods: We searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Research Article Database and trial registries to identify completed and ongoing studies on 4 June 2020.

Selection criteria: We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We included studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19, irrespective of study design, disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. We excluded studies including populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)) and studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin.

Data collection and analysis: We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for controlled non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs), and the assessment criteria for observational studies, provided by Cochrane Childhood Cancer for non-controlled NRSIs. MAIN RESULTS: This is the first living update of our review. We included 20 studies (1 RCT, 3 controlled NRSIs, 16 non-controlled NRSIs) with 5443 participants, of whom 5211 received convalescent plasma, and identified a further 98 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 50 are randomised. We did not identify any completed studies evaluating hyperimmune immunoglobulin. Overall risk of bias of included studies was high, due to study design, type of participants, and other previous or concurrent treatments. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from four controlled studies (1 RCT (stopped early) with 103 participants, of whom 52 received convalescent plasma; and 3 controlled NRSIs with 236 participants, of whom 55 received convalescent plasma) to assess effectiveness of convalescent plasma. Control groups received standard care at time of treatment without convalescent plasma. All-cause mortality at hospital discharge (1 controlled NRSI, 21 participants) We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma has any effect on all-cause mortality at hospital discharge (risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61 to 1.31; very low-certainty evidence). Time to death (1 RCT, 103 participants; 1 controlled NRSI, 195 participants) We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma prolongs time to death (RCT: hazard ratio (HR) 0.74, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.82; controlled NRSI: HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.96; very low-certainty evidence). Improvement of clinical symptoms, assessed by need for respiratory support (1 RCT, 103 participants; 1 controlled NRSI, 195 participants) We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma has any effect on improvement of clinical symptoms at seven days (RCT: RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.30 to 3.19), 14 days (RCT: RR 1.85, 95% CI 0.91 to 3.77; controlled NRSI: RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.29), and 28 days (RCT: RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.81; very low-certainty evidence). Quality of life No studies reported this outcome. Safety of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from 1 RCT, 3 controlled NRSIs and 10 non-controlled NRSIs assessing safety of convalescent plasma. Reporting of adverse events and serious adverse events was variable. The controlled studies reported on adverse events and serious adverse events only in participants receiving convalescent plasma. The duration of follow-up varied. Some, but not all, studies included death as a serious adverse event. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events (13 studies, 201 participants) The studies did not report the grade of adverse events. Thirteen studies (201 participants) reported on adverse events of possible grade 3 or 4 severity. The majority of these adverse events were allergic or respiratory events. We are very uncertain whether or not convalescent plasma therapy affects the risk of moderate to severe adverse events (very low-certainty evidence). Serious adverse events (14 studies, 5201 participants) Fourteen studies (5201 participants) reported on serious adverse events. The majority of participants were from one non-controlled NRSI (5000 participants), which reported only on serious adverse events limited to the first four hours after convalescent plasma transfusion. This study included death as a serious adverse event; they reported 15 deaths, four of which they classified as potentially, probably or definitely related to transfusion. Other serious adverse events reported in all studies were predominantly allergic or respiratory in nature, including anaphylaxis, transfusion-associated dyspnoea, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). We are very uncertain whether or not convalescent plasma affects the number of serious adverse events.

Authors' conclusions: We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma is beneficial for people admitted to hospital with COVID-19. For safety outcomes we also included non-controlled NRSIs. There was limited information regarding adverse events. Of the controlled studies, none reported on this outcome in the control group. There is only very low-certainty evidence for safety of convalescent plasma for COVID-19. While major efforts to conduct research on COVID-19 are being made, problems with recruiting the anticipated number of participants into these studies are conceivable. The early termination of the first RCT investigating convalescent plasma, and the multitude of studies registered in the past months illustrate this. It is therefore necessary to critically assess the design of these registered studies, and well-designed studies should be prioritised. Other considerations for these studies are the need to report outcomes for all study arms in the same way, and the importance of maintaining comparability in terms of co-interventions administered in all study arms. There are 98 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 50 are RCTs. This is the first living update of the review, and we will continue to update this review periodically. These updates may show different results to those reported here.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04338360 NCT04321421.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

VP: none known

KLC: HSANZ Leukaemia Foundation PhD scholarship to support studies at Monash University. This is not related to the work in this review.

SJV: none known

CD: none known

IM: none known

EMW: I have sought funding support from Australian Medical Research Future Fund for a trial of convalescent plasma. I will not be involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but will serve as a content expert.

AL: none known

CK: none known

ZM: I have sought funding support from Australian Medical Research Future Fund for a trial of convalescent plasma. I will not be involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but will serve as a content expert.

CS‐O: is a member of the BEST Collaborative Clinical Study Group. I will not be involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but will serve as a content expert.

LJE: co‐lead of the COVID‐19 immunoglobulin domain of the REMAP‐CAP trial. I will not be involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but will serve as a content expert.

NS: none known

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias summary for randomised controlled trial
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary for controlled non‐randomised studies of interventions
4
4
'Risk of bias' summary for non‐controlled non‐randomised studies of interventions (assessing safety data only)
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Results from RCT, Outcome 1: Improvement of clinical symptoms at up to 7 days (assessed by need for respiratory support)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Results from RCT, Outcome 2: Improvement of clinical symptoms at 8 to 15 days (assessed by need for respiratory support)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Results from RCT, Outcome 3: Improvement of clinical symptoms at 16 to 30 days (assessed by need for respiratory support)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Results from RCT, Outcome 4: Improvement of clinical symptoms at up to 7 days (assessed by need for respiratory support): subgroup severity of disease
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Results from RCT, Outcome 5: Improvement of clinical symptoms at 8 to 15 days (assessed by need for respiratory support): subgroup severity of disease
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Results from RCT, Outcome 6: Improvement of clinical symptoms at 16 to 30 days (assessed by need for respiratory support): subgroup severity of disease
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Results from RCT, Outcome 7: 30‐day mortality
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Results from controlled NRSIs, Outcome 1: Time to discharge from hospital
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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NCT04261426 {published data only}
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NCT04323800 {published data only}
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NCT04325672 {published data only}
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NCT04344015 {published data only}
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NCT04344379 {published data only}
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NCT04344977 {published data only}
    1. NCT04344977. COVID-19 plasma collection. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04344977 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04350580 {published data only}
    1. NCT04350580. Polyvalent immunoglobulin in COVID-19 related ARDS. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04350580 (first received 17 April 2020).
NCT04360278 {published data only}
    1. NCT04360278. Plasma collection from convalescent and/or immunized donors for the treatment of COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04360278 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04368013 {published data only}
    1. NCT04368013. Host-pathogen interactions, immune response, and clinical prognosis at COVID-19 - the CoVUm trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04368013 (first received 20 April 2020).
Pawar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pawar AY, Hiray AP, Sonawane DD, Bhambar RS, Derle DV, Ahire YS. Convalescent plasma: a possible treatment protocol for COVID- 19 patients suffering from diabetes or underlying liver diseases. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 2020;14(4):665-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.023] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Qiu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Qiu T, Wang J, Zhou J, Zou J, Chen Z, Ma X, et al. The report of two cases infection with novel coronavirus (2019-NCcoV) after kidney transplantation and the association literature analyzation. Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation 2020;41(0):E004.
Roback 2020 {published data only}
    1. Roback JD, Guarner J. Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: possibilities and challenges. JAMA 2020. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.4940] - DOI - PubMed
Robbiani 2020 {published data only}
    1. Robbiani DF, Gaebler C, Muecksch F, Cetrulo LJ, Wang Z, Cho A, et al. Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in convalescent individuals. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.13.092619] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rubin 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rubin R. Testing an old therapy against a new disease: convalescent plasma for COVID-19. JAMA 2020 Apr 30 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.7456] - DOI - PubMed
Seghatchian 2020 {published data only}
    1. Seghatchian J, Lanza F. Convalescent plasma, an apheresis research project targeting and motivating the fully recovered COVID 19 patients: a rousing message of clinical benefit to both donors and recipients alike. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2020 Apr 22 [Epub ahead of print]:102794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102792] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sheridan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Sheridan C. Convalescent serum lines up as first-choice treatment for coronavirus. Nature Biotechnology 2020;38(6):655-8. [DOI: 10.1038/d41587-020-00011-1] - DOI - PubMed
Shi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Shi H, Zhou C, He P, Huang S, Duan Y, Wang X, et al. Successful treatment of plasma exchange followed by intravenous immunoglobulin in a critically ill patient with 2019 novel coronavirus infection. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2020:105974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105974] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Syal 2020 {published data only}
    1. Syal K. COVID-19: herd immunity and convalescent plasma transfer therapy. Journal of Medical Virology 2020;13:13. - PMC - PubMed
Tanne 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tanne JH. Covid-19: FDA approves use of convalescent plasma to treat critically ill patients. BMJ 2020;368:m1256. - PubMed
Tiberghien 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tiberghien P, Lambalerie X, Morel P, Gallian P, Lacombe K, Yazdanpanah Y. Collecting and evaluating convalescent plasma for COVID-19 treatment: why and how. Vox Sanguinis 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12926] - DOI - PubMed
Tu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tu Y, Wu X, Liu F, Wang J, Luo Y, Cai Z, et al. Two clinical cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in renal transplant recipients. Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation 2020;41(0):E005.
Wong 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wong HK, Lee CK. Pivotal role of convalescent plasma in managing emerging infectious diseases. Vox Sanguinis 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12927] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Xie 2020 {published data only}
    1. Xie Y, Cao S, Li Q, Chen E, Dong H, Zhang W, et al. Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection 2020:S0163-4453(20)30172-9. - PMC - PubMed
Yoo 2020 {published data only}
    1. Yoo JH. Convalescent plasma therapy for corona virus disease 2019: a long way to go but worth trying. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2020;35(14):e150. - PMC - PubMed
Zeng 2020a {published data only}
    1. Zeng F, Chen X, Deng G. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2020. - PMC - PubMed
Zhao 2020b {published data only}
    1. Zhao Q, He Y. Challenges of convalescent plasma therapy on COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;127:104358. - PMC - PubMed
Zhu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Zhu M, Kaiming H, Zhu Z. Use of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients in China. Transfusion Clinical Biology 2020;16:16. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR2000029850 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000029850. Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma treatment for severe patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): a prospective cohort study. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=49533 (first received 15 February 2020).
ChiCTR2000030010 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030010. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled, trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus inactivated plasma in the treatment of severe novel coronavirus pneumonia patients (COVID-19). www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=49777 (first received 19 February 2020).
ChiCTR2000030039 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030039. Clinical study for infusing convalescent plasma to treat patients with new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=49544 (first received 21 February 2020).
ChiCTR2000030179 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030179. Experimental study of novel coronavirus pneumonia rehabilitation plasma therapy severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50059 (first received 24 February 2020).
ChiCTR2000030627 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030627. Study on the application of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50727 (first received 8 March 2020).
ChiCTR2000030702 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030702. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of common COVID-19: a prospective randomized controlled trial. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50537 (first received 10 March 2020).
ChiCTR2000030929 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030929. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus inactivated plasma in the treatment of severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50696 (first received 17 March 2020).
ChiCTR2000031501 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000031501. The efficacy of convalescent plasma in patients with critical novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): a pragmatic, prospective cohort study. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50254 (first received 2 April 2020).
EUCTR2020‐001310‐38 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001310-38. A randomized, prospective, open label clinical trial on the use of convalescent plasma compared to best supportive care in patients with severe COVID-19. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number:202... (first received 23 April 2020).
IRCT20151228025732N53 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20151228025732N53. Therapeutic effects of plasma of recovered people from COVID-19 on hospitalized patients with this disease. en.irct.ir/trial/46931 (first received 10 April 2020).
IRCT20200310046736N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200310046736N1. Comparison of the therapeutic effect of convalescent plasma and plasma-derived immunoglobulin-enriched solution on COVID-19 patients. en.irct.ir/trial/46424 (first received 1 April 2020).
IRCT20200325046860N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200325046860N1. Convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19 patients. en.irct.ir/trial/46759 (first received 30 March 2020).
IRCT20200404046948N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200404046948N1. Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma in the treatment of COVID-19. en.irct.ir/trial/46973 (first received 15 April 2020).
IRCT20200409047007N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200409047007N1. Effect of COVID 19 survivors plasma in COVID 19 patients with ARDS. en.irct.ir/trial/47058 (first received 12 April 2020).
IRCT20200413047056N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200413047056N1. Comparison between the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin and convalescent plasma in COVID-19. en.irct.ir/trial/47212 (first received 17 April 2020).
NCT04264858 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030841. Treatment of acute severe COVID-19 with immunoglobulin from cured COVID-19 patients. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=51072 (first received 15 March 2020).
    1. NCT04264858. An exploratory clinical study on the treatment of acute severe 2019-nCoV pneumonia with immunoglobulin from cured 2019-nCoV pneumonia patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04264858 (first received 11 February 2020).
NCT04292340 {published data only}
    1. NCT04292340. The efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia patient (COVID-19): an observational study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04292340 (first received 3 March 2020).
NCT04327349 {published data only}
    1. NCT04327349. Investigating effect of convalescent plasma on COVID-19 patients outcome: a clinical trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04327349 (first received 31 March 2020).
NCT04332380 {published data only}
    1. NCT04332380. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04332380 (first received 2 April 2020).
NCT04332835 {published data only}
    1. NCT04332835. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a randomized, open label, parallel, controlled clinical study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04332835 (first received 3 April 2020).
NCT04333251 {published data only}
    1. NCT04333251. Evaluating convalescent plasma to decrease coronavirus associated complications. A phase I study comparing the efficacy and safety of high-titer anti-Sars-CoV-2 plasma vs best supportive care in hospitalized patients with interstitial pneumonia due to COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04333251 (first received 3 April 2020).
NCT04333355 {published data only}
    1. NCT04333355. Phase 1 study to evaluate the safety of convalescent plasma as an adjuvant therapy in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04333355 (first received 3 April 2020).
NCT04338360 {published data only}
    1. NCT04338360. Expanded access to convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04338360 (first received 8 April 2020).
NCT04340050 {published data only}
    1. NCT04340050. COVID-19 convalescent plasma. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04340050 (first received 9 April 2020).
NCT04342182 {published data only}
    1. NCT04342182. Convalescent plasma as therapy for COVID-19 severe SARS-CoV-2 disease (CONCOVID Study) (ConCoVid-19). cinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04342182 (first received 10 April 2020).
NCT04343261 {published data only}
    1. NCT04343261. Convalescent plasma in the treatment of COVID 19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04343261 (first received 13 April 2020).
NCT04343755 {published data only}
    1. NCT04343755. Convalescent plasma as treatment for hospitalized subjects with COVID-19 infection. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04343755 (first received 13 April 2020).
NCT04344535 {published data only}
    1. NCT04344535. Convalescent plasma vs. standard plasma for COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04344535 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04345289 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001367-88-DK. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2020-001367-88-DK (first received 14 April 2020).
    1. NCT04345289. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia (CCAP). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04345289 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04345523 {published data only}
    1. NCT04345523. Convalescent plasma therapy vs. SOC for the treatment of COVID19 in hospitalized patients (ConPlas-19). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04345523 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04345679 {published data only}
    1. NCT04345679. Anti COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04345679 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04345991 {published data only}
    1. NCT04345991. Efficacy of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19 patients, a nested trial in the CORIMUNO-19 cohort. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04345991 (first received 15 April 2020).
NCT04346446 {published data only}
    1. NCT04346446. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in severely sick COVID-19 patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04346446 (first received 15 April 2020).
NCT04346589 {published data only}
    1. NCT04346589. Convalescent antibodies infusion in critically ill COVID 19 patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04346589 (first received 15 April 2020).
NCT04347681 {published data only}
    1. NCT04347681. Potential efficacy of convalescent plasma to treat severe COVID-19 and patients at high risk of developing severe COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04347681 (first received 15 April 2020).
NCT04348656 {published data only}
    1. NCT04348656. Convalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04348656 (first received 16 April 2020).
NCT04348877 {published data only}
    1. NCT04348877. Plasma rich antibodies from recovered patients from COVID19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04348877 (first received 16 April 2020).
NCT04352751 {published data only}
    1. NCT04352751. Experimental use of convalescent plasma for passive immunization in current COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan in 2020. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04352751 (first received 20 April 2020).
NCT04353206 {published data only}
    1. NCT04353206. Convalescent plasma in ICU patients with COVID-19-induced respiratory failure. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04353206 (first received 20 April 2020).
NCT04354831 {published data only}
    1. NCT04354831. A study evaluating the efficacy and safety of high-titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04354831 (first received 21 April 2020).
NCT04355767 {published data only}
    1. NCT04355767. Convalescent plasma vs. placebo in emergency room patients with COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04355767 (first received 21 April 2020).
NCT04355897 {published data only}
    1. NCT04355897. CoVID-19 plasma in treatment of COVID-19 patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04355897 (first received 21 April 2020).
NCT04356482 {published data only}
    1. NCT04356482. Convalescent plasma for ill patients by COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04356482 (first received 22 April 2020).
NCT04356534 {published data only}
    1. NCT04356534. Convalescent plasma trial in COVID -19 patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04356534 (first received 22 April 2020).
NCT04357106 {published data only}
    1. NCT04357106. COPLA study: treatment of severe forms of coronavirus infection with convalescent plasma. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04357106 (first received 22 April 2020).
NCT04358211 {published data only}
    1. NCT04358211. Expanded access to convalescent plasma to treat and prevent pulmonary complications associated with COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04358211 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04358783 {published data only}
    1. NCT04358783. Convalescent plasma compared to the best available therapy for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04358783 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04359810 {published data only}
    1. NCT04359810. Plasma therapy of COVID-19 in critically ill patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04359810 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04360486 {published data only}
    1. NCT04360486. Treatment of COVID-19 with anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma (ASCoV2CP). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04360486 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04361253 {published data only}
    1. NCT04361253. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibody-containing plasma therapy. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04361253 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04362176 {published data only}
    1. NCT04362176. Passive immunity trial of Nashville II. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04362176 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04363034 {published data only}
    1. NCT04363034. Arkansas expanded access COVID-19 convalescent plasma treatment program. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04363034 (first received 27 April 2020).
NCT04364737 {published data only}
    1. NCT04364737. Convalescent plasma to limit COVID-19 complications in hospitalized patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04364737 (first received 28 April 2020).
NCT04365439 {published data only}
    1. NCT04365439. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04365439 (first received 28 April 2020).
NCT04366245 {published data only}
    1. NCT04366245. Clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of treatment with hyperimmune plasma obtained from convalescent antibodies of COVID-19 infection. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04366245 (first received 28 April 2020).
NCT04372368 {published data only}
    1. NCT04372368. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04372368 (first received 04 May 2020).
NCT04372979 {published data only}
    1. NCT04372979. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in the early care of COVID-19 patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04372979 (first received 04 May 2020).
NCT04373460 {published data only}
    1. NCT04373460. Convalescent plasma to limit SARS-CoV-2 associated complications. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04373460 (first received 04 May 2020).
NCT04374370 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374370. SARSCoV2 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CP) expanded access protocol (EAP). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374370 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04374487 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374487. A phase II, open label, randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma to limit COVID-19 associated complications. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374487 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04374526 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374526. Early transfusIon of convalescent plasma in elderly COVID-19 patients to prevent disease progression. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374526 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04374565 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374565. Convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 patients with pneumonia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374565 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04375098 {published data only}
    1. NCT04375098. Efficacy and safety of early COVID-19 convalescent plasma in patients admitted for COVID-19 infection. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04375098 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04376034 {published data only}
    1. NCT04376034. Convalescent plasma collection and treatment in pediatrics and adults. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04376034 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04376788 {published data only}
    1. NCT04376788. Exchange transfusion versus plasma from convalescent patients with methylene blue in patients with COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04376788 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04377568 {published data only}
    1. NCT04377568. Efficacy of human coronavirus-immune convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19 disease in hospitalized children. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04377568 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04377672 {published data only}
    1. NCT04377672. Human convalescent plasma for high risk children exposed or infected with SARS-CoV-2. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04377672 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04380935 {published data only}
    1. NCT04380935. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma therapy on COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04380935 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04381858 {published data only}
    1. NCT04381858. Convalescent plasma vs human immunoglobulin to treat COVID-19 pneumonia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04381858 (first received 11 May 2020).
NCT04381936 {published data only}
    1. NCT04381936. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy (RECOVERY). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04381936 (amended to include convalescent plasma 27 May 2020).
NCT04383535 {published data only}
    1. NCT04383535. Convalescent plasma and placebo for the treatment of COVID-19 severe pneumonia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04383535 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04383548 {published data only}
    1. NCT04383548. Clinical study for efficacy of anti-corona VS2 immunoglobulins prepared from COVID19 convalescent plasma prepared by VIPS mini-pool IVIG medical devices in prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high risk groups as well as treatment of early cases of COVID. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04383548 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04384497 {published data only}
    1. NCT04384497. Convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19: an exploratory dose identifying study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04384497 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04384588 {published data only}
    1. NCT04384588. COVID19-convalescent plasma for treating patients with active symptomatic COVID 19 infection (FALP-COVID). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04384588 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04385043 {published data only}
    1. NCT04385043. Hyperimmune plasma in patients with COVID-19 severe infection. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04385043 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04385186 {published data only}
    1. NCT04385186. Inactivated convalescent plasma as a therapeutic alternative in patients CoViD-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04385186 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04385199 {published data only}
    1. NCT04385199. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04385199 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04388410 {published data only}
    1. NCT04388410. Safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma transfusion for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04388410 (first received 14 May 2020).
NCT04388527 {published data only}
    1. NCT04388527. COVID-19 convalescent plasma for mechanically ventilated population. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04388527 (first received 14 May 2020).
NCT04389710 {published data only}
    1. NCT04389710. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04389710 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04389944 {published data only}
    1. NCT04389944. Amotosalen-ultraviolet a pathogen-inactivated convalescent plasma in addition to best supportive care and antiviral therapy on clinical deterioration in adults presenting with moderate to severe COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04389944 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04390178 {published data only}
    1. NCT04390178. Convalescent plasma as treatment for acute coronavirus disease (COVID-19). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04390178 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04390503 {published data only}
    1. NCT04390503. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 close contacts. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04390503 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04391101 {published data only}
    1. NCT04391101. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of severe SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04391101 (first received 18 May 2020).
NCT04392232 {published data only}
    1. NCT04392232. A phase 2 study of COVID 19 convalescent plasma in high risk patients with COVID 19 infection. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04392232 (first received 18 May 2020).
NCT04392414 {published data only}
    1. NCT04392414. Hyperimmune convalescent plasma in moderate and severe COVID-19 disease. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04392414 (first received 18 May 2020).
NCT04393727 {published data only}
    1. NCT04393727. Transfusion of convalescent plasma for the early treatment of pneumonIa due to SARSCoV2. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04393727 (first received 19 May 2020).
NCT04395170 {published data only}
    1. NCT04395170. Convalescent plasma compared to anti-COVID-19 human immunoglobulin and standard treatment (TE) in hospitalized patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04395170 (first received 20 May 2020).
NCT04397523 {published data only}
    1. NCT04397523. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04397523 (first received 21 May 2020).
NCT04397757 {published data only}
    1. NCT04397757. COVID-19 convalescent plasma for the treatment of hospitalized patients with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04397757 (first received 21 May 2020).
NCT04403477 {published data only}
    1. NCT04403477. Convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 infection. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04403477 (first received 27 May 2020).
NCT04404634 {published data only}
    1. NCT04404634. Convalescent plasma to limit coronavirus associated complications. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04404634 (first received 28 May 2020).
NCT04405310 {published data only}
    1. NCT04405310. Convalescent plasma of COVID-19 to treat SARS-COV-2 a randomized double blind 2 center trial (CPC-SARS). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04405310 (first received 28 May 2020).
NCT04407208 {published data only}
    1. NCT04407208. Convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04407208 (first received 29 May 2020).
NCT04408040 {published data only}
    1. NCT04408040. Use of convalescent plasma for COVID-19. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04408040 (first received 29 May 2020).
NCT04408209 {published data only}
    1. NCT04408209. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 infection. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04408209 (first received 29 May 2020).
NCT04412486 {published data only}
    1. NCT04412486. COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) transfusion. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04412486 (first received 02 June 2020).
U1111‐1251‐9286 {published data only}
    1. U1111-1251-9286. Effect of convalescent plasma in patients with severe COVID-19. www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-4vm3yy/ (first received 11 May 2020).

Additional references

Balshem 2011
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References to other published versions of this review

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