Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Optimal nutrition can improve well-being and might mitigate the risk and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review summarizes nutritional guidelines to support dietary counseling provided by dietitians and health-related professionals. The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system. Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected. There was no convincing evidence that food or food packaging is associated with the transmission of COVID-19, but good hygiene practices for handling and preparing foods were recommended. No changes to breastfeeding recommendations have been made, even in women diagnosed with COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; breastfeeding; food; hygiene; supplementation.

Figure 1

Rationale for dietary recommendations during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Key nutrients that support the immune system can be obtained through dietary components that include fresh foods (eg, fruits and vegetables), fish, lean meat, dairy, water and other non-sugary beverages, and healthy fats. A healthy diet can also decrease the risk of, or help control, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and muscle atrophy, which are all considered risk factors for COVID-19 complications. There are no known supplements that can prevent COVID-19; however, in populations at risk of deficiency, supplements can mitigate the public health risks associated with COVID-19. Breastfeeding benefits an infant’s immune system, protecting against viruses and bacterial infections. The use of personal protection, such as masks, along with good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing with soap and water or alcohol-based sanitizers, can prevent COVID-19 transmission and immune system impairment. Symbol: (-): inhibitory effect.