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Review
. 2020 Nov;96(5):1187-1208.
doi: 10.1111/cbdd.13761. Epub 2020 Jul 26.

The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID-19, causing respiratory infections: Symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy

Ranjan K Mohapatra  1 , Lucia Pintilie  2 , Venkataramana Kandi  3 , Ashish K Sarangi  4 , Debadutta Das  5 , Raghaba Sahu  6 , Lina Perekhoda  7
Affiliations
Review

The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID-19, causing respiratory infections: Symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy

Ranjan K Mohapatra et al. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2020 Nov.

Abstract

COVID-19 is highly contagious pathogenic viral infection initiated from Wuhan seafood wholesale market of China on December 2019 and spread rapidly around the whole world due to onward transmission. This recent outbreak of novel coronavirus (CoV) was believed to be originated from bats and causing respiratory infections such as common cold, dry cough, fever, headache, dyspnea, pneumonia, and finally Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans. For this widespread zoonotic virus, human-to-human transmission has resulted in nearly 83 lakh cases in 213 countries and territories with 4,50,686 deaths as on 19 June 2020. This review presents a report on the origin, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy for this novel virus and will provide ample references for the researchers toward the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines and also preventing the spread of this disease.

Keywords: COVID-19 pneumonia; animal models and immunotherapy; diagnosis; entry mechanism; possible vaccines; symptoms; transmission.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Structure of coronavirus virion. The genome RNA is complexed with nucleocapsid protein (N) within the viral membrane; (Reproduced from Finlay & Hancock, , Nature reviews: Microbiology ©Springer Nature)
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Genome organization for human betacoronaviruses (SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS‐CoV‐2), (Adapted with Permission from Shereen et al., , Journal of Advanced Research, © Elsevier BV.)
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Entry mechanism of human coronaviruses (Reproduced from Du et al., , Nature reviews: Microbiology ©Springer Nature)
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Transmission mechanism of human coronavirus
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
The possible drugs used against COVID‐19 pneumonia
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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