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Review
. 2020 Jul 10;12(7):2055.
doi: 10.3390/nu12072055.

The Effects and Potential Mechanism of Oil Palm Phenolics in Cardiovascular Health: A Review on Current Evidence

Nurul 'Izzah Ibrahim  1 , Syed Fairus  2 , Isa Naina Mohamed  1
Affiliations
Review

The Effects and Potential Mechanism of Oil Palm Phenolics in Cardiovascular Health: A Review on Current Evidence

Nurul 'Izzah Ibrahim et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is globally known as the number one cause of death with hyperlipidemia as a strong risk factor for CVD. The initiation of drug treatment will be recommended if lifestyle modification fails. However, medicines currently used for improving cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols (LDL-C) levels have been associated with various side effects. Thus, alternative treatment with fewer or no side effects needs to be explored. A potential agent, oil palm phenolics (OPP) recovered from the aqueous waste of oil palm milling process contains numerous water-soluble phenolic compounds. It has been postulated that OPP has shown cardioprotective effects via several mechanisms such as cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review aims to summarize the current evidence explicating the actions of OPP in cardiovascular health and the mechanisms that maybe involved for the cardioprotective effects.

Keywords: cholesterol biosynthesis pathway; hyperlipidemia; oil palm phenolics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The chemical structures of main components of Oil Palm Phenolics; (a) 3-Caffeoylshikimic acid; (b) 4-Caffeoylshikimic acid (c) 5-Caffeoylshikimic acid; (d) Protocatechuic acid (PCA); (e) p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA); (f) Hydroxytyrosol (HT). 3-Caffeoylshikimic acid, 4-Caffeoylshikimic acid and 5-Caffeoylshikimic acid are the isomers of caffeoylshikimic acid.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Localization of enzymes involved in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. In a previous study by Leow et al. (2011) [32], OPP has downregulated the highlighted genes, while the bold gene exhibited a negative fold change. The figure is modified from Sharpe et al. 2013 [64].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Formula for dose translation from animal to human based on Body Surface Area (BSA). Source: [113].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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