Early COPD: current evidence for diagnosis and management

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects one-tenth of the world's population and has been identified as a major global unmet health need by the World Health Organisation, which predicts that within 10 years, COPD will become the third leading cause of death. Despite active research, there have been no recent major strides in terms of disease modifying treatment for COPD; smoking cessation remains the only intervention known to alter disease progression and improve mortality. As established COPD is a key driver of disease burden, earlier diagnosis coupled with disease-modifying intervention carries promise as a route to address this global health priority. The concept of early COPD is emerging as an area of focus for research and consideration of new treatment modalities, as it has been hypothesised that intervention at this stage may potentially halt or reverse the disease process. However, at present, a globally accepted criteria for defining early COPD does not exist. Several studies propose small airways disease as the earliest stage in the development of COPD, and this has been demonstrated to be a precursor to development of emphysema and to correlate with subsequent development of airflow obstruction. However, treatment strategies for early disease, which pre-date the development of airflow obstruction, remain uncertain. This review addresses the rationale and current evidence base for the diagnosis and treatment of early COPD and highlights the challenges of implementing trials and clinical pathways to address COPD earlier in the life course, particularly in the absence of a universally accepted definition of COPD.The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.

Keywords: COPD diagnosis; COPD management; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; early COPD.

Figure 1.

Revised GOLD classification of COPD based on spirometry, symptom score, and exacerbation frequency. Reproduced with permission from Vogelmeier et al. CAT, COPD assessment test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council.

Figure 2.

FEV1 decline according to COPD stage. Reproduced with permission from Tantucci et al. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s.