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Review
. 2020 Jun 24:11:918.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00918. eCollection 2020.

Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek): Current Status and Management Opportunities

Gyan P Mishra  1 , Harsh K Dikshit  1 , Ramesh S V  2 , Kuldeep Tripathi  3 , Ranjeet R Kumar  4 , Muraleedhar Aski  1 , Akanksha Singh  1 , Anirban Roy  5 , Priti  1 , Nikki Kumari  1 , Uttarayan Dasgupta  1 , Atul Kumar  6 , Shelly Praveen  4 , Ramakrishnan M Nair  7
Affiliations
Review

Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek): Current Status and Management Opportunities

Gyan P Mishra et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Erratum in

Abstract

Globally, yellow mosaic disease (YMD) remains a major constraint of mungbean production, and management of this deadly disease is still the biggest challenge. Thus, finding ways to manage YMD including development of varieties possessing resistance against mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) is a research priority for mungbean crop. Characterization of YMD resistance using various advanced molecular and biochemical approaches during plant-virus interactions has unfolded a comprehensive network of pathogen survival, disease severity, and the response of plants to pathogen attack, including mechanisms of YMD resistance in mungbean. The biggest challenge in YMD management is the effective utilization of an array of information gained so far, in an integrated manner for the development of genotypes having durable resistance against yellow mosaic virus (YMV) infection. In this backdrop, this review summarizes the role of various begomoviruses, its genomic components, and vector whiteflies, including cryptic species in the YMD expression. Also, information about the genetics of YMD in both mungbean and blackgram crops is comprehensively presented, as both the species are crossable, and same viral strains are also found affecting these crops. Also, implications of various management strategies including the use of resistance sources, the primary source of inoculums and vector management, wide-hybridization, mutation breeding, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) are thoroughly discussed. Finally, the prospects of employing various powerful emerging tools like translational genomics, and gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 are also highlighted to complete the YMD management perspective in mungbean.

Keywords: begomovirus; gene editing; greengram; pathogen derived resistance; translational genomics; vector management.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Field view of YMD susceptible (yellowing of the plants) and resistant expression (normal green plants) in various mungbean genotypes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Historical sketch of YMD in mungbean crop (Derived from Capoor and Varma, 1948; Capoor and Varma, 1950; Varma, 1952; Nariani, 1960; Nene, 1968; Williams et al., 1968; Nene, 1972; Nene, 1973; Ahmad, 1975; Shivanathan, 1977; Jalaluddin and Shaikh, 1981; Thongmeearkom et al., 1981; Honda et al., 1983; Morinaga et al., 1993; Mandal et al., 1997; Czosnek et al., 2002; Jacob et al., 2003; Balaji et al., 2004; Karthikeyan et al., 2004; Dinsdale et al., 2010; De Barro et al., 2011; Kang et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2016; Kothandaraman et al., 2016; Hussain et al., 2019; Kanakala and Ghanim, 2019). Where, R, resistance; YMVs, yellow mosaic viruses; NGS, next generation sequencing.
Figure 3
Figure 3
An outline of YMD development in mungbean. Where, YMD (yellow mosaic disease), MYMV (mungbean yellow mosaic virus), MYMIV (mungbean yellow mosaic India virus), HgYMV (horsegram yellow mosaic virus), DoYMV (dolichos yellow mosaic virus), AV2 (precoat protein), CP/AV1 (coat protein), Rep/AC1 (replication protein), TrAP/AC2 (transcriptional activator protein), REn/AC3 (rep enhancer protein), AC4 (silencing suppressor), CR (common region). The maps of YMV genomic DNA-A and DNA-B components are derived from Kumar et al. (2017b) and Shivaprasad et al. (2005) in which the ORF (open reading frames) are presented as bar arrows with the head representing 3′-terminus.
Figure 4
Figure 4
An outline of a simple and efficient, ‘single-strain agroinfection method’ of a bipartite begomovirus MYMV-Vi in Vigna. The linear maps of binary vectors represent MYMV-Vi partial tandem repeat regions of DNA-A (pGA1.9A) and DNA-B (pPZP1.9B) having full-length 1-mer portion and the 0.3-mer or 0.9-mer repeat portions of the virus as boxed arrows; Yellow dots: common region; RB and LB: right and left T-DNA borders, respectively; nptII: neomycin phospho-transferase II; B, BamHI; C, ClaI; E, EcoRI; H, HindIII; P, PstI; S, SacI; Sa, SalI; X, XbaI; and Xh, XhoI (Derived from Jacob et al., 2003).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic presentation of plant-virus interaction leading to disease development and resistance expression in mungbean. Where, Avr, Avirulence; R, Resistance; PR, Pathogenesis-Related; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; APX, Ascorbate peroxidases; SOD, Superoxide dismutases; CAT, Catalase.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Physical location of a major QTL (qMYMV4_1) on the mungbean chromosome 4: 14,504,302-15,788,321. This region possesses 18 candidate genes imparting YMD resistance (Derived from: Mathivathana et al., 2019; https://plants.ensembl.org/Vigna_radiata/Info/Index).
Figure 7
Figure 7
An outline of integrated YMD management strategies in mungbean. Where, CP, coat protein; CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat; GBS, genotype by sequencing; GE, genome editing; MP, movement protein; NSP, nuclear shuttle protein; PDR, pathogen-derived resistance; QTL, quantitative trait loci; Rep, replication protein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SAR, systemic acquired resistance; YMD, yellow mosaic disease; YMV, yellow mosaic virus.
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References

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