Antibodies and Immunity During Kawasaki Disease

Abstract

The cause of Kawasaki disease (KD), the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children, is currently unknown. Epidemiology studies support that an infectious disease is involved in at least starting the inflammatory cascade set off during KD. Clues from epidemiology support that humoral immunity can have a protective effect. However, the role of the immune system, particularly of B cells and antibodies, in pathogenesis of KD is still unclear. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and other therapies targeted at modulating inflammation can prevent development of coronary aneurysms. A number of autoantibody responses have been reported in children with KD and antibodies have been generated from aneurysmal plasma cell infiltrates. Recent reports show that children with KD have similar plasmablast responses as other children with infectious diseases, further supporting an infectious starting point. As ongoing studies are attempting to identify the etiology of KD through study of antibody responses, we sought to review the role of humoral immunity in KD pathogenesis, treatment, and recovery.

Keywords: B cells; antibodies-monoclonal; immunoglobulin intravenous; kawasaki disease; plasmablast.

Figure 1

The many and varied potential activities in KD. This figure highlight potential therapeutic effects on B cell activity, particularly for IVIG. IVIG effects are noted by red elements, cyclosporin A noted by gold. B, B cells; T, T cells; T reg, T regulatory cells, DC, dendritic cells; nk, natural killer; PMNs, polymorphonuclear cells; Mono, monocytes, NO, Nitric Oxide.