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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Jul 17;7(7):CD012554.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012554.pub2.

Interventions outside the workplace for reducing sedentary behaviour in adults under 60 years of age

Elaine M Murtagh  1   2 , Marie H Murphy  3   4 , Karen Milton  5 , Nia W Roberts  6 , Clodagh Sm O'Gorman  7 , Charles Foster  8
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions outside the workplace for reducing sedentary behaviour in adults under 60 years of age

Elaine M Murtagh et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Adults spend a majority of their time outside the workplace being sedentary. Large amounts of sedentary behaviour increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and both all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.

Objectives: Primary • To assess effects on sedentary time of non-occupational interventions for reducing sedentary behaviour in adults under 60 years of age Secondary • To describe other health effects and adverse events or unintended consequences of these interventions • To determine whether specific components of interventions are associated with changes in sedentary behaviour • To identify if there are any differential effects of interventions based on health inequalities (e.g. age, sex, income, employment) SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SportDiscus, and ClinicalTrials.gov on 14 April 2020. We checked references of included studies, conducted forward citation searching, and contacted authors in the field to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs of interventions outside the workplace for community-dwelling adults aged 18 to 59 years. We included studies only when the intervention had a specific aim or component to change sedentary behaviour.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened titles/abstracts and full-text articles for study eligibility. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We contacted trial authors for additional information or data when required. We examined the following primary outcomes: device-measured sedentary time, self-report sitting time, self-report TV viewing time, and breaks in sedentary time.

Main results: We included 13 trials involving 1770 participants, all undertaken in high-income countries. Ten were RCTs and three were cluster RCTs. The mean age of study participants ranged from 20 to 41 years. A majority of participants were female. All interventions were delivered at the individual level. Intervention components included personal monitoring devices, information or education, counselling, and prompts to reduce sedentary behaviour. We judged no study to be at low risk of bias across all domains. Seven studies were at high risk of bias for blinding of outcome assessment due to use of self-report outcomes measures. Primary outcomes Interventions outside the workplace probably show little or no difference in device-measured sedentary time in the short term (mean difference (MD) -8.36 min/d, 95% confidence interval (CI) -27.12 to 10.40; 4 studies; I² = 0%; moderate-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether interventions reduce device-measured sedentary time in the medium term (MD -51.37 min/d, 95% CI -126.34 to 23.59; 3 studies; I² = 84%; very low-certainty evidence) We are uncertain whether interventions outside the workplace reduce self-report sitting time in the short term (MD -64.12 min/d, 95% CI -260.91 to 132.67; I² = 86%; very low-certainty evidence). Interventions outside the workplace may show little or no difference in self-report TV viewing time in the medium term (MD -12.45 min/d, 95% CI -50.40 to 25.49; 2 studies; I² = 86%; low-certainty evidence) or in the long term (MD 0.30 min/d, 95% CI -0.63 to 1.23; 2 studies; I² = 0%; low-certainty evidence). It was not possible to pool the five studies that reported breaks in sedentary time given the variation in definitions used. Secondary outcomes Interventions outside the workplace probably have little or no difference on body mass index in the medium term (MD -0.25 kg/m², 95% CI -0.48 to -0.01; 3 studies; I² = 0%; moderate-certainty evidence). Interventions may have little or no difference in waist circumference in the medium term (MD -2.04 cm, 95% CI -9.06 to 4.98; 2 studies; I² = 65%; low-certainty evidence). Interventions probably have little or no difference on glucose in the short term (MD -0.18 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.30 to -0.06; 2 studies; I² = 0%; moderate-certainty evidence) and medium term (MD -0.08 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.05; 2 studies, I² = 0%; moderate-certainty evidence) Interventions outside the workplace may have little or no difference in device-measured MVPA in the short term (MD 1.99 min/d, 95% CI -4.27 to 8.25; 4 studies; I² = 23%; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether interventions improve device-measured MVPA in the medium term (MD 6.59 min/d, 95% CI -7.35 to 20.53; 3 studies; I² = 70%; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether interventions outside the workplace improve self-reported light-intensity PA in the short-term (MD 156.32 min/d, 95% CI 34.34 to 278.31; 2 studies; I² = 79%; very low-certainty evidence). Interventions may have little or no difference on step count in the short-term (MD 226.90 steps/day, 95% CI -519.78 to 973.59; 3 studies; I² = 0%; low-certainty evidence) No data on adverse events or symptoms were reported in the included studies.

Authors' conclusions: Interventions outside the workplace to reduce sedentary behaviour probably lead to little or no difference in device-measured sedentary time in the short term, and we are uncertain if they reduce device-measured sedentary time in the medium term. We are uncertain whether interventions outside the workplace reduce self-reported sitting time in the short term. Interventions outside the workplace may result in little or no difference in self-report TV viewing time in the medium or long term. The certainty of evidence is moderate to very low, mainly due to concerns about risk of bias, inconsistent findings, and imprecise results. Future studies should be of longer duration; should recruit participants from varying age, socioeconomic, or ethnic groups; and should gather quality of life, cost-effectiveness, and adverse event data. We strongly recommend that standard methods of data preparation and analysis are adopted to allow comparison of the effects of interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour.

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Conflict of interest statement

Elaine M Murtagh: none known.

Marie H Murphy: together with another Ulster University colleague, the Sport & Exercise Sciences Research Institute at UU has received 20 standing desks from Ergotron to allow us to undertake a small research project on the use of sit‐to‐stand desks in office workers. This work is at feasibility stage and will not feature in the review.

Charles Foster: none known.

Karen Milton: none known.

Nia W Roberts: none known.

Clodagh SM O'Gorman: none known.

Figures

1
1
Logic Model for interventions targeted outside of workplace settings for reducing sedentary behaviour (adapted from Baker 2015).
2
2
Study flow diagram.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Intervention vs control, outcome: 1.1 Device‐measured sedentary time (min/day)
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Intervention vs control, outcome: 1.2 Self‐report sitting time (min/d).
7
7
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Intervention vs control, outcome: 1.3 Self‐report TV viewing time (min/day)
8
8
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Intervention vs control, outcome: 1.6 Device‐measured MVPA (min/day)
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention vs control, Outcome 1: Device‐measured sedentary time
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention vs control, Outcome 2: Self‐report sitting time
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention vs control, Outcome 3: Self‐report TV viewing time
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention vs control, Outcome 4: Body mass index
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention vs control, Outcome 5: Waist circumference
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention vs control, Outcome 6: Glucose
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention vs control, Outcome 7: Device‐measured MVPA
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention vs control, Outcome 8: Self‐report light PA
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention vs control, Outcome 9: Steps
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Silva 2017 {published data only}
    1. Silva, M, Teixeira, P, Gray, C, Hunt, K, Bunn, C, Roberts, G, Wyke, S, Consortium, O. The power of football: a socio-psychological approach to promoting behaviour change in overweight and sedentary men in the European fans in training project. Obesity Facts 2017;Conference: 24th Congress of the European Congress on Obesity, ECO 2017. Portugal. 10(pp 213).
Teixeira 2017 {published data only}
    1. Teixeira P J, Silva M S, Gray C M, Hunt K, Ploeg H, Roberts G, et al. Promoting physical activity and reduced sedentary time in football clubs: Lessons from eurofit. Obesity Facts 2017;10 (Supplement 1):48.
Thomsen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Thomsen T, Aadahl M, Beyer N, Hetland M L, Loppenthin K B, Midtgaard J, et al. Sustained long-term efficacy of motivational counselling and text message reminders on daily sitting time in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Long-term follow-up of a randomized, parallel-group trial. Arthritis Care & Research 2019;10. - PubMed
van de Glind 2017 {published data only}
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Wilson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wilson J J, Adlakha D, Cunningham C, Best P, Cardwell C R, Stephenson A, et al. Brief Standing Desk Intervention to Reduce Sedentary Behavior at a Physical Activity Conference in 2016. American Journal of Public Health 2018;108(9):1197-9. - PMC - PubMed
Wyke 2019 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Marcinkevage 2012 {published data only}
    1. Marcinkevage J, Correa A, Ramakrishnan U, Sharma A, Venkat Narayan KM, Umpierrez G. Reducing sedentary behavior and increasing physical activity during pregnancy: a feasibility study. Diabetes 2012;61:A344.

References to ongoing studies

ISRCTN58484767 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN58484767. Using "IF-THEN" plans to increase physical activity. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN58484767 4th June 2019.
Latomme {unpublished data only}
    1. Feel 4 Diabetes. Ongoing study. Unknown. Contact author for more information.
Martin Borras 2014 {published data only}
    1. Martin-Borras C, Gine-Garriga M, Martinez E, Martin-Cantera C, Puigdomenech E, Sola M, et al. Effectiveness of a primary care-based intervention to reduce sitting time in overweight and obese patients (SEDESTACTIV): a randomized controlled trial; rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2014;14:228. - PMC - PubMed
NCT02909725 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02909725. The Blossom Project: "BlossomUP" evaluating methods to decrease sedentary time in pregnancy. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02909725 (first received 21 September 2016).
NCT03698903 {published data only}
    1. NCT03698903. Take a STAND 4 Health: A Sedentary Behavior Reduction Intervention. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03698903 9th October 2018.
NCT04257539 {published data only}
    1. NCT04257539. Reducing Sedentary Time in Chronic Low Back Pain: Sedentary Intervention Using Motivational Interviewing and Technology (SUMIT). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04257539 6th February 2020.
Pinto 2017 {unpublished data only}
    1. Take a STAND for Health. Ongoing study. Unknown. Contact author for more information.
Schroe 2019 {published data only}
    1. Schroe, HVan der Mispel, CDe Bourdeaudhuij, IVerloigne, MPoppe, LCrombez, G. A factorial randomised controlled trial to identify efficacious self-regulation techniques in an e- and m-health intervention to target an active lifestyle: study protocol. Trials 2019;20(1):340. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3456-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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