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. 2020 Jul 19;10(7):e035842.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035842.

Estimation of total cardiovascular risk using the 2019 WHO CVD prediction charts and comparison of population-level costs based on alternative drug therapy guidelines: a population-based study of adults in Bangladesh

Jessica Yasmine Islam  1   2 , M Mostafa Zaman  3 , Mohammad Moniruzzaman  4 , Shawkat Ara Shakoor  5 , A H M Enayet Hossain  5
Affiliations

Estimation of total cardiovascular risk using the 2019 WHO CVD prediction charts and comparison of population-level costs based on alternative drug therapy guidelines: a population-based study of adults in Bangladesh

Jessica Yasmine Islam et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the population distribution of 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among Bangladeshi adults aged 40 years and above, using the 2019 WHO CVD risk prediction charts. Additionally, we compared the cost of CVD pharmacological treatment based on the total CVD risk (thresholds ≥30%/≥20%) and the single risk factor (hypertension) cut-off levels in the Bangladeshi context.

Study design: Cross-sectional, population-based study.

Setting and participants: From 2013 to 2014, we collected data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of adults aged ≥40 years from urban and rural areas of Bangladesh (n=6189). We estimated CVD risk using the 2019 WHO CVD risk prediction charts and categorised as very low (<5%), low (5% to <10%), moderate (10% to <20%), high (20% to <30%) and very high risk (≥30%). We estimated drug therapy costs using the lowest price of each drug class available (aspirin, thiazide diuretics, statins and ACE inhibitors). We compared the total cost of drug therapy using the total CVD risk versus single risk factor approach.

Primary outcome measures: Our primary outcome was 10-year CVD risk categorised as very low (<5%), low (5% to <10%), moderate (10% to <20%), high (20% to <30%) and very high risk (≥30%).

Results: The majority of adults (85.2%, 95% CI 84.3 to 86.1) have a 10-year CVD risk of less than 10%. The proportion of adults with a 10-year CVD risk of ≥20% was 0.51%. Only one adult was categorised with a 10-year CVD risk of ≥30%. Among adults with CVD risk groups of very low, low and moderate, 17.4%, 27.9% and 41.4% had hypertension (blood pressure (BP) ≥140/90) and 0.1%, 1.7% and 2.9% had severe hypertension (BP ≥160/100), respectively. Using the total CVD risk approach would reduce drug costs per million populations to US$144 540 (risk of ≥20%).

Conclusion: To reduce healthcare expenditure for the prevention and treatment of CVD, a total risk approach using the 2019 WHO CVD risk prediction charts may lead to cost savings.

Keywords: cardiac epidemiology; epidemiology; hypertension; ischaemic heart disease; myocardial infarction.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Prevalence of hypertension, hyperglycaemic and overweight and obesity among Bangladeshi adults aged 40 years and above by area of residence and age group. (A) Urban populations. (B) Rural populations. BMI, body mass index.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Proportion of adults with hypertension or severe hypertension by cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk group. (A) Per cent of adults with hypertension by CVD risk group. (B) Per cent of adults severe with hypertension by CVD risk group. BP, blood pressure.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Annual costs of pharmacological treatment for cardiovascular disease (CVD) by sex and risk stratification approach.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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