Anti-cancer peptides: classification, mechanism of action, reconstruction and modification

Abstract

Anti-cancer peptides (ACPs) are a series of short peptides composed of 10-60 amino acids that can inhibit tumour cell proliferation or migration, or suppress the formation of tumour blood vessels, and are less likely to cause drug resistance. The aforementioned merits make ACPs the most promising anti-cancer candidate. However, ACPs may be degraded by proteases, or result in cytotoxicity in many cases. To overcome these drawbacks, a plethora of research has focused on reconstruction or modification of ACPs to improve their anti-cancer activity, while reducing their cytotoxicity. The modification of ACPs mainly includes main chain reconstruction and side chain modification. After summarizing the classification and mechanism of action of ACPs, this paper focuses on recent development and progress about their reconstruction and modification. The information collected here may provide some ideas for further research on ACPs, in particular their modification.

Keywords: anti-cancer peptides; classification; mechanism of action; modification; reconstruction.

Figure 1.

Schematic diagram of ACPs' structural classification: (a) α-helical; (b) β-pleated sheets; (c) random coil; (d) cyclic ACPs.

Figure 2.

Schematic diagram of anti-tumour mechanism of ACPs: (a) destroy the structure of cell membrane; (b) apoptosis; (c) inhibiting angiogenesis; (d) immune regulation.