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Review
. 2020 Mar;22(1):37-49.
doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/jfoucher.

Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard phenotypes of endogenous psychoses: a review of their validity

Jack R Foucher  1 , Micha Gawlik  2 , Julian N Roth  2 , Clément de Crespin de Billy  3 , Ludovic C Jeanjean  4 , Alexandre Obrecht  5 , Olivier Mainberger  6 , Julie M E Clauss  7 , Julien Elowe  8 , Sébastien Weibel  9 , Benoit Schorr  10 , Marcelo Cetkovich  11 , Carlos Morra  12 , Federico Rebok  13 , Thomas A Ban  14 , Barbara Bollmann  15 , Mathilde M Roser  16 , Markus S Hanke  17 , Burkhard E Jabs  18 , Ernst J Franzek  19 , Fabrice Berna  20 , Bruno Pfuhlmann  21
Affiliations
Review

Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard phenotypes of endogenous psychoses: a review of their validity

Jack R Foucher et al. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2020 Mar.

Abstract
in English, Spanish, French

While the ICD-DSM paradigm has been a major advance in clinical psychiatry, its usefulness for biological psychiatry is debated. By defining consensus-based disorders rather than empirically driven phenotypes, consensus classifications were not an implementation of the biomedical paradigm. In the field of endogenous psychoses, the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard (WKL) pathway has optimized the descriptions of 35 major phenotypes using common medical heuristics on lifelong diachronic observations. Regarding their construct validity, WKL phenotypes have good reliability and predictive and face validity. WKL phenotypes come with remarkable evidence for differential validity on age of onset, familiality, pregnancy complications, precipitating factors, and treatment response. Most impressive is the replicated separation of high- and low-familiality phenotypes. Created in the purest tradition of the biomedical paradigm, the WKL phenotypes deserve to be contrasted as credible alternatives with other approaches currently under discussion. .

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Keywords: endogenous psychosis; Kleist; Leonhard; Wernicke; affect laden paraphrenia; bipolar; cataphasia; catatonia; classification; cycloid psychoses; deep phenotyping; epistemology; hebephrenia; periodic catatonia; phenotype; schizophrenia; supersensitivity psychosis; system schizophrenia; unipolar.

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