What Media Helps, What Media Hurts: A Mixed Methods Survey Study of Coping with COVID-19 Using the Media Repertoire Framework and the Appraisal Theory of Stress

Abstract

Background: Social and physical distancing in response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has made screen-mediated information and communication technologies (media) indispensable. Whether an increase in screen use is a source of or a relief for stress remains to be seen.

Objective: In the immediate aftermath of the COVID-19 lockdowns, we investigated the relation between subjective stress and changes in the pattern of media use. Based on Lazarus's transactional model of appraisal and coping, and building on an earlier similar survey, we hypothesize that individual differences in the appraisal of media predict variations in approach or avoidance of media for coping with COVID-19 stress.

Methods: Between March 20 and April 20, 2020, a brief snowball survey entitled: "What media helps, what media hurts: coping with COVID19 through screens" was distributed via Concordia University's mailing lists and social media (PERFORM Centre, EngAGE Centre, and Media Health Lab). Using a media repertoire method, we asked questions about preferences, changes in use, and personal appraisal of media experiences (approach, avoid, and ignore) as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and investigated interindividual differences in media use by factors such as subjective stress, age, gender, and self-reported mental health.

Results: More than 90% of the survey respondents were in Canada and the east coast of the United States. From 685 completed responses, 169 respondents were "very stressed" and 452 were "slightly worried" about the pandemic. COVID-19 stress led to increased use of Facebook (χ²₃=11.76, P=.008), television (χ²₃=12.40, P=.006), YouTube (χ²₃=8.577, P=.04), and streaming services such as Netflix (χ²₃=10.71, P=.01). Respondents who considered their mental health "not good" were twice as likely to prefer streaming services as a coping tool for self-isolation. Women and nonbinary respondents were twice as likely than men to pick social media for coping. Individuals younger than 35 years were 3 times more likely to pick computer games, and individuals older than 55 years were more likely to pick network television or print media. Gender affected the appraisal of media (less in men than others) in terms of avoid (F_1,637=5.84, P=.02) and approach scores (F_1,637=14.31, P<.001). Subjective mental health affected the ignore score (less in those who said "good" than others; F_1,637=13.88, P<.001). The appraisal score and use increase explained variations in worrying about physical and mental health stress due to increased screen time. A qualitative analysis of open-ended questions revealed that media (especially social networks) were important for coping if they provided support and connection through the dissemination of factual and positive information while avoiding the overflow of sensational and false news.

Conclusions: The relationship between appraisal of media's positive and negative facets vary with demographic differences in mental health resiliency. The media repertoire approach is an important tool in studies that focus on assessing the benefits and harms of screen overuse in different populations, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19; Netflix; coping; infodemic; infodemiology; information and communication technologies; media; social network; stress; survey.

Figure 1

Geographic location of respondents.

Figure 2

Perceptions of COVID-19 stress across age, gender, and self-assessed health groups. COVID-19: coronavirus disease.

Figure 3

Group differences in preference for activities to cope with self-isolation or quarantine.

Figure 4

Age- and gender-related differences in appraisal (mean, standard error of the mean).

Figure 5

Physical- and mental health–related differences in appraisal (mean, standard error of the mean). Pairwise comparison of each variable independently shows significant differences related to self-assessed physical and mental health. We also found a significant likelihood that physical and mental health were related. (*P<.05; **P<.005.).

Figure 6

Relation between media appraisal, media use, and perceived risk of mental and physical health deterioration as a result of increased media use. * shows media types whose usage was significantly different between groups (P<.05).

Figure 7

Results of qualitative network analysis. Colors represent network communities. The size of the letter is proportionate to eigenvector centrality (a measure of the hubness of each node). The thickness of edges reflects the weight of each edge.