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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Jul 31;7(7):CD012022.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012022.pub2.

Prognostic models for newly-diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nina Kreuzberger  1 , Johanna Aag Damen  2 , Marialena Trivella  3 , Lise J Estcourt  4 , Angela Aldin  1 , Lisa Umlauff  1 , Maria Dla Vazquez-Montes  5 , Robert Wolff  6 , Karel Gm Moons  7 , Ina Monsef  1 , Farid Foroutan  8 , Karl-Anton Kreuzer  9 , Nicole Skoetz  10
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Prognostic models for newly-diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nina Kreuzberger et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common cancer of the lymphatic system in Western countries. Several clinical and biological factors for CLL have been identified. However, it remains unclear which of the available prognostic models combining those factors can be used in clinical practice to predict long-term outcome in people newly-diagnosed with CLL.

Objectives: To identify, describe and appraise all prognostic models developed to predict overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) or treatment-free survival (TFS) in newly-diagnosed (previously untreated) adults with CLL, and meta-analyse their predictive performances.

Search methods: We searched MEDLINE (from January 1950 to June 2019 via Ovid), Embase (from 1974 to June 2019) and registries of ongoing trials (to 5 March 2020) for development and validation studies of prognostic models for untreated adults with CLL. In addition, we screened the reference lists and citation indices of included studies.

Selection criteria: We included all prognostic models developed for CLL which predict OS, PFS, or TFS, provided they combined prognostic factors known before treatment initiation, and any studies that tested the performance of these models in individuals other than the ones included in model development (i.e. 'external model validation studies'). We included studies of adults with confirmed B-cell CLL who had not received treatment prior to the start of the study. We did not restrict the search based on study design.

Data collection and analysis: We developed a data extraction form to collect information based on the Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS). Independent pairs of review authors screened references, extracted data and assessed risk of bias according to the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST). For models that were externally validated at least three times, we aimed to perform a quantitative meta-analysis of their predictive performance, notably their calibration (proportion of people predicted to experience the outcome who do so) and discrimination (ability to differentiate between people with and without the event) using a random-effects model. When a model categorised individuals into risk categories, we pooled outcome frequencies per risk group (low, intermediate, high and very high). We did not apply GRADE as guidance is not yet available for reviews of prognostic models.

Main results: From 52 eligible studies, we identified 12 externally validated models: six were developed for OS, one for PFS and five for TFS. In general, reporting of the studies was poor, especially predictive performance measures for calibration and discrimination; but also basic information, such as eligibility criteria and the recruitment period of participants was often missing. We rated almost all studies at high or unclear risk of bias according to PROBAST. Overall, the applicability of the models and their validation studies was low or unclear; the most common reasons were inappropriate handling of missing data and serious reporting deficiencies concerning eligibility criteria, recruitment period, observation time and prediction performance measures. We report the results for three models predicting OS, which had available data from more than three external validation studies: CLL International Prognostic Index (CLL-IPI) This score includes five prognostic factors: age, clinical stage, IgHV mutational status, B2-microglobulin and TP53 status. Calibration: for the low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups, the pooled five-year survival per risk group from validation studies corresponded to the frequencies observed in the model development study. In the very high-risk group, predicted survival from CLL-IPI was lower than observed from external validation studies. Discrimination: the pooled c-statistic of seven external validation studies (3307 participants, 917 events) was 0.72 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 0.77). The 95% prediction interval (PI) of this model for the c-statistic, which describes the expected interval for the model's discriminative ability in a new external validation study, ranged from 0.59 to 0.83. Barcelona-Brno score Aimed at simplifying the CLL-IPI, this score includes three prognostic factors: IgHV mutational status, del(17p) and del(11q). Calibration: for the low- and intermediate-risk group, the pooled survival per risk group corresponded to the frequencies observed in the model development study, although the score seems to overestimate survival for the high-risk group. Discrimination: the pooled c-statistic of four external validation studies (1755 participants, 416 events) was 0.64 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.67); 95% PI 0.59 to 0.68. MDACC 2007 index score The authors presented two versions of this model including six prognostic factors to predict OS: age, B2-microglobulin, absolute lymphocyte count, gender, clinical stage and number of nodal groups. Only one validation study was available for the more comprehensive version of the model, a formula with a nomogram, while seven studies (5127 participants, 994 events) validated the simplified version of the model, the index score. Calibration: for the low- and intermediate-risk groups, the pooled survival per risk group corresponded to the frequencies observed in the model development study, although the score seems to overestimate survival for the high-risk group. Discrimination: the pooled c-statistic of the seven external validation studies for the index score was 0.65 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.70); 95% PI 0.51 to 0.77.

Authors' conclusions: Despite the large number of published studies of prognostic models for OS, PFS or TFS for newly-diagnosed, untreated adults with CLL, only a minority of these (N = 12) have been externally validated for their respective primary outcome. Three models have undergone sufficient external validation to enable meta-analysis of the model's ability to predict survival outcomes. Lack of reporting prevented us from summarising calibration as recommended. Of the three models, the CLL-IPI shows the best discrimination, despite overestimation. However, performance of the models may change for individuals with CLL who receive improved treatment options, as the models included in this review were tested mostly on retrospective cohorts receiving a traditional treatment regimen. In conclusion, this review shows a clear need to improve the conducting and reporting of both prognostic model development and external validation studies. For prognostic models to be used as tools in clinical practice, the development of the models (and their subsequent validation studies) should adapt to include the latest therapy options to accurately predict performance. Adaptations should be timely.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00917540 NCT00262782 NCT00281918.

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Conflict of interest statement

Nina Kreuzberger: My institution received a grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany to conduct this review.

Johanna AAG Damen: none known

Marialena Trivella: I am working as a statistical editor in a number Cochrane groups, and I declare that my work as a statistical editor is independent to this published work where I participate. The University of Oxford received a small part of the grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany, as reimbursement for my time spent on the project.

Lise J Estcourt: My institution received a grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany to conduct this review.

Angela Aldin: My institution received a grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany to conduct this review.

Lisa Umlauff: My institution received a grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany to conduct this review.

Maria ​Vazquez Montes: I am sponsored by the BHF to contribute on a similar prognostic models review for heart failure which allowed me to effectively participate in the work under consideration.

Robert Wolff: As employee of Kleijnen Systematic Reviews, I was the lead author of a systematic review on prostate cancer, commissioned by Elekta, Nucletron.

Karel Moons: none known

Ina Monsef: none known

Farid Foroutan: none known

Karl‐Anton Kreuzer: board member and consultant for AbbVie, Alexion, Amgen, Ariad, Baxter, Bayer Health Care, Biotest, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chugai, Gilead, Glaxo‐SmithKline, Grifols, Hexal, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Leo, Mundipharma, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Shire, Teva. Grants, fees, honoraria and travel grants from AbbVie, Alexion, Amgen, Ariad, Baxter, Bayer Health Care, Biotest, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chugai, Gilead, Glaxo‐SmithKline, Grifols, Hexal, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Leo, Mundipharma, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Shire, Teva.

Nicole Skoetz: My institution received a grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany to conduct this review.

Figures

19
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Representation of survival per risk group per development and external validation study of the CLL‐IPI (Bahlo 2016)
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Representation of survival per risk group per development and external validation study of the Barcelona‐Brno model (Delgado 2017)
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Representation of survival per risk group per development and external validation study of the MDACC 2007 model (Wierda 2007)
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Study flow diagram
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CLL international prognostic index ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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Barcelona‐Brno score ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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MDACC 2007 index score ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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GCLLSG model ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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Rossi model ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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Stephens model for OS ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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Baliakas model ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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GIMEMA model ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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MDACC 2011 model ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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Morabito model ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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O‐CLL‐1 model ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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Stephens model for TFS ‐ summary of characteristics of included studies
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Risk of bias (PROBAST) assessment of the CLL‐IPI model (Bahlo 2016)
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Applicability assessment for all developed models with external validations
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Risk of bias (PROBAST) assessment of the Barcelona‐Brno model (Delgado 2017)
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Risk of bias (PROBAST) assessment of the MDACC 2007 model (Wierda 2007)
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Risk of bias (PROBAST) assessment of other models that were externally validated
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Meta‐analysis of the c‐statistic for the CLL‐IPI model (Bahlo 2016)
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Sensitivity analysis of the c‐statistic for the CLL‐IPI excluding the study reporting AUC
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Sensitivity analysis of the c‐statistic for the CLL‐IPI excluding the study reporting no 95% CI
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Sensitivity analysis of the c‐statistic for the CLL‐IPI excluding the study reporting no 95% CI. All 95% CIs were replaced by estimates using the Newcombe method for a comparison with Figure 27
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Sensitivity analysis of the c‐statistic for the CLL‐IPI regarding the availability of the predictor TP53 and its proxy del(17p)
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Meta‐analysis of the c‐statistic for the Barcelona‐Brno model (Delgado 2017)
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Meta‐analysis of the c‐statistic for the MDACC 2007 model (Wierda 2007)
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Sensitivity analysis of the c‐statistic for the MDACC 2007 model excluding the study reporting AUC
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Baliakas D ‐ Baliakas 2019 (multicentre) {published data only}
    1. Baliakas P, Moysiadis T, Hadzidimitriou A, Xochelli A, Jeromin S, Agathangelidis A, et al. Tailored approaches grounded on immunogenetic features for refined prognostication in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2019;104(2):360-9. - PMC - PubMed
Baliakas V ‐ Baliakas 2019 (MLL + Scan.) {published data only}
    1. Baliakas P, Moysiadis T, Hadzidimitriou A, Xochelli A, Jeromin S, Agathangelidis A, et al. Tailored approaches grounded on immunogenetic features for refined prognostication in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2019;104(2):360-9. - PMC - PubMed
Barcelona‐Brno D ‐ Delgado 2017 (Barcelona cohort) {published data only}
    1. Delgado J, Doubek M, Baumann T, Kotaskova J, Molica S, Mozas P, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a prognostic model comprising only two biomarkers (IGHV mutational status and FISH cytogenetics) separates patients with different outcome and simplifies the CLL-IPI. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(4):375-80. - PubMed
Barcelona‐Brno V ‐ Delgado 2017 (Brno cohort) {published data only}
    1. Delgado J, Doubek M, Baumann T, Kotaskova J, Molica S, Mozas P, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a prognostic model comprising only two biomarkers (IGHV mutational status and FISH cytogenetics) separates patients with different outcome and simplifies the CLL-IPI. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(4):375-80. - PubMed
Barcelona‐Brno V ‐ Gentile 2017 (Italian & Mayo) {published data only}
    1. Gentile M, Shanafelt TD, Mauro FR, Laurenti L, Rossi D, Molica S, et al. Comparison between the CLL-IPI and the Barcelona-Brno prognostic model: analysis of 1299 newly diagnosed cases. American Journal of Hematology 2017;93(2):E35-7. - PubMed
Barcelona‐Brno V ‐ Molica 2017 (O‐CLL1‐GISL) {published data only}
    1. Delgado J, Doubek M, Baumann T, Kotaskova J, Molica S, Mozas P, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a prognostic model comprising only two biomarkers (IGHV mutational status and FISH cytogenetics) separates patients with different outcome and simplifies the CLL-IPI. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(4):375-80. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Mirabelli R, Levato L, Gentile M, Morabito F, et al. Reliability of six prognostic models to predict time-to-first-treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in early phase. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(6):E91-3. - PubMed
Barcelona‐Brno V ‐ Muñoz‐Novas 2018 (Spanish coh.) {published data only}
    1. Munoz-Novas C, Poza-Santaella M, Gonzalez-Gascon YMI, Hernandez-Sanchez M, Rodriguez-Vicente AE, Infante MS, et al. The international prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia has the higher value in predicting overall outcome compared with the Barcelona-Brno biomarkers only prognostic model and the MD Anderson Cancer Center Prognostic Index. Biomed Research International 2018:9506979. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/9506979] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Barcelona‐Brno V ‐ Rani 2018 (Indian cohort) {published data only}
    1. Rani L, Gogia A, Singh V, Kumar L, Sharma A, Kaur G, et al. Comparative assessment of prognostic models in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evaluation in Indian cohort. Annals of Hematology 2018;98(2):437-43. - PubMed
Barcelona‐Brno V ‐ Reda 2017 (Milan cohort) {published data only}
    1. Reda G, Cassin R, Fattizzo B, Giannarelli D, Mattiello V, Barcellini W, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and prognostic models: a bridge between clinical and biological markers. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(7):E135-7. - PubMed
CLL‐IPI D ‐ Bahlo 2016 (development cohort) {published data only}
    1. International CLL-IPI working group. An international prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL-IPI): a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncology 2016;17(6):779-90. - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Bahlo 2016 (Mayo clinic 2001‐2014) {published data only}
    1. Gentile M, Shanafelt TD, Rossi D, Laurenti L, Mauro FR, Molica S, et al. Validation of the CLL-IPI and comparison with the MDACC prognostic index in newly diagnosed patients. Blood 2016;128(16):2093-5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. International CLL-IPI Working Group. An international prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL-IPI): a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncology 2016;17(6):779-90. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Shanafelt TD, Giannarelli D, Gentile M, Mirabelli R, Cutrona G, et al. The chronic lymphocytic leukemia international prognostic index predicts time to first treatment in early CLL: independent validation in a prospective cohort of early stage patients. American Journal of Hematology 2016;91:1090-5. - PMC - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Bahlo 2016 (SCAN cohort) {published data only}
    1. International CLL-IPI working group. An international prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL-IPI): a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncology 2016;17(6):779-90. - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Da Cunha‐Bang 2016 (Danish cohort) {published data only}
    1. Da Cunha-Bang C, Christiansen I, Niemann CU. The CLL-IPI applied in a population-based cohort. Blood 2016;128(17):2181-3. - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Delgado 2017 (Barcelona cohort) {published data only}
    1. Delgado J, Doubek M, Baumann T, Kotaskova J, Molica S, Mozas P, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a prognostic model comprising only two biomarkers (IGHV mutational status and FISH cytogenetics) separates patients with different outcome and simplifies the CLL-IPI. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(4):375-80. - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Gentile 2016 (Italian cohort) {published data only}
    1. Gentile M, Shanafelt TD, Mauro FR, Laurenti L, Rossi D, Molica S, et al. Comparison between the CLL-IPI and the Barcelona-Brno prognostic model: analysis of 1299 newly diagnosed cases. American Journal of Hematology 2017;93(2):E35-7. - PubMed
    1. Gentile M, Shanafelt TD, Rossi D, Laurenti L, Mauro FR, Molica S, et al. Validation of the CLL-IPI and comparison with the MDACC prognostic index in newly diagnosed patients. Blood 2016;128(16):2093-5. - PMC - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Molica 2016 (O‐CLL1‐GISL) {published data only}
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Levato L, Mirabelli R, Gentile M, Morabito F. Assessing time to first treatment in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): a comparative performance analysis of five prognostic models with inclusion of CLL-international prognostic index (CLL-IPI). Leukemia & Lymphoma 2017;58(7):1736-9. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Mirabelli R, Levato L, Gentile M, Morabito F, et al. Reliability of six prognostic models to predict time-to-first-treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in early phase. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(6):E91-3. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Shanafelt TD, Giannarelli D, Gentile M, Mirabelli R, Cutrona G, et al. The chronic lymphocytic leukemia international prognostic index predicts time to first treatment in early CLL: independent validation in a prospective cohort of early stage patients. American Journal of Hematology 2016;91(11):1090-5. - PMC - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Muñoz‐Novas 2018 (Spanish cohort) {published data only}
    1. Munoz-Novas C, Poza-Santaella M, Gonzalez-Gascon YMI, Hernandez-Sanchez M, Rodriguez-Vicente AE, Infante MS, et al. The international prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia has the higher value in predicting overall outcome compared with the Barcelona-Brno biomarkers only prognostic model and the MD Anderson Cancer Center Prognostic Index. Biomed Research International 2018:9506979. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/9506979] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Rani 2018 (Indian cohort) {published data only}
    1. Rani L, Gogia A, Singh V, Kumar L, Sharma A, Kaur G, et al. Comparative assessment of prognostic models in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evaluation in Indian cohort. Annals of Hematology 2018;98(2):437-43. - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Reda 2017 (Milano cohort) {published data only}
    1. Reda G, Cassin R, Fattizzo B, Giannarelli D, Mattiello V, Barcellini W, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and prognostic models: a bridge between clinical and biological markers. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(7):E135-7. - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Rigolin 2017 (Ferrera cohort) {published data only}
    1. Rigolin GM, Cavallari M, Quaglia FM, Formigaro L, Lista E, Urso A, et al. In CLL, comorbidities and the complex karyotype are associated with an inferior outcome independently of CLL-IPI. Blood 2017;129(26):3495-8. - PubMed
CLL‐IPI V ‐ Zhu 2018 (Chinese cohort) {published data only}
    1. Zhu HY, Wang L, Qiao J, Zou YX, Xia Y, Wu W, et al. Prognostic significance of CLL-IPI for Chinese patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chung Hua Hsueh Yeh Hsueh Tsa Chi 2018;39:392-7. - PMC - PubMed
GCLLSG D ‐ Pflug 2014 (GCLLSG) {published data only}
    1. Pflug N, Bahlo J, Shanafelt TD, Eichhorst BF, Bergmann MA, Elter T, et al. Development of a comprehensive prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2014;124(1):49-62. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tam CS, Seymour JF. A new prognostic score for CLL. Blood 2014;124(1):1-2. - PubMed
GCLLSG V ‐ Molica 2015 (O‐CLL1‐GISL) {published data only}
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Gentile M, Cutrona G, Di Renzo N, Di Raimondo F, et al. The utility of two prognostic models for predicting time to first treatment in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: results of a comparative analysis. Leukemia Research 2013;37(8):943-7. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Levato L, Mirabelli R, Gentile M, Morabito F. Assessing time to first treatment in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): a comparative performance analysis of five prognostic models with inclusion of CLL-international prognostic index (CLL-IPI). Leukemia & Lymphoma 2017;58(7):1736-9. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Mirabelli R, Levato L, Gentile M, Morabito F, et al. Reliability of six prognostic models to predict time-to-first-treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in early phase. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(6):E91-3. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Mirabelli R, Levato L, Russo A, Linardi M, et al. Unavailability of thymidine kinase does not preclude the use of German comprehensive prognostic index: results of an external validation analysis in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia and comparison with MD Anderson Cancer Center model. European Journal of Haematology 2015;96(1):72-7. - PubMed
GCLLSG V ‐ Pflug 2014 (Mayo cohort) {published data only}
    1. Pflug N, Bahlo J, Shanafelt TD, Eichhorst BF, Bergmann MA, Elter T, et al. Development of a comprehensive prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2014;124(1):49-62. - PMC - PubMed
GCLLSG V ‐ Rani 2018 (Indian cohort) {published data only}
    1. Rani L, Gogia A, Singh V, Kumar L, Sharma A, Kaur G, et al. Comparative assessment of prognostic models in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evaluation in Indian cohort. Annals of Hematology 2018;98(2):437-43. - PubMed
GIMEMA D ‐ Molica 2005 (GIMEMA cohort) {published data only}
    1. Molica S, Mauro FR, Callea V, Gentile M, Giannarelli D, Lopez M, et al. A gender-based score system predicts the clinical outcome of patients with early B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia & Lymphoma 2005;46(4):553-60. - PubMed
GIMEMA V ‐ González Rodríguez 2009 (Cabueñes coh.) {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez Rodriguez AP, Gonzalez Garcia E, Fernandez Alvarez C, Gonzalez Huerta AJ, Gonzalez Rodriguez S. B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia: epidemiological study and comparison of MDACC and GIMENA prognostic indexes [Estudio epidemiológico y comparación de los índices pronósticos del MD Anderson Cancer Center y el índice del Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell' Adulto en pacientes con leucemia linfática crónica de células B]. Medicina Clinica 2009;133(5):161-6. - PubMed
MDACC 2007 D ‐ Wierda 2007 (MDACC) {published data only}
    1. Wierda WG, O'Brien S, Wang X, Faderl S, Ferrajoli A, Do KA, et al. Prognostic nomogram and index for overall survival in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2007;109(11):4679-85. - PubMed
MDACC 2007 V ‐ Bulian 2011 (Italian‐Swiss) {published data only}
    1. Bulian P, Tarnani M, Rossi D, Forconi F, Del Poeta G, Bertoni F, et al. Multicentre validation of a prognostic index for overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematological Oncology 2011;29(2):91-9. - PubMed
MDACC 2007 V ‐ Gentile 2014 (Italian cohort) {published data only}
    1. Gentile M, Mauro FR, Rossi D, Vincelli I, Tripepi G, Recchia AG, et al. Italian external and multicentric validation of the MD Anderson Cancer Center nomogram and prognostic index for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients: analysis of 1502 cases. British Journal of Haematology 2014;167:224-32. - PubMed
    1. Gentile M, Shanafelt TD, Rossi D, Laurenti L, Mauro FR, Molica S, et al. Validation of the CLL-IPI and comparison with the MDACC prognostic index in newly diagnosed patients. Blood 2016;128(16):2093-5. - PMC - PubMed
MDACC 2007 V ‐ Gentile 2016 (Mayo cohort) {published data only}
    1. Gentile M, Shanafelt TD, Cutrona G, Molica S, Tripepi G, Alvarez I, et al. A progression-risk score to predict treatment-free survival for early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Leukemia 2016;30(6):1440-3. - PubMed
    1. Gentile M, Shanafelt TD, Rossi D, Laurenti L, Mauro FR, Molica S, et al. Validation of the CLL-IPI and comparison with the MDACC prognostic index in newly diagnosed patients. Blood 2016;128(16):2093-5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Shanafelt TD, Jenkins G, Call TG, Zent CS, Slager S, Bowen DA, et al. Validation of a new prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2009;115:363-72. - PMC - PubMed
MDACC 2007 V ‐ González Rodríguez (Cabueñes) {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez Rodriguez AP, Gonzalez Garcia E, Fernandez Alvarez C, Gonzalez Huerta AJ, Gonzalez Rodriguez S. B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia: epidemiological study and comparison of MDACC and GIMENA prognostic indexes [Estudio epidemiológico y comparación de los índices pronósticos del MD Anderson Cancer Center y el índice del Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell' Adulto en pacientes con leucemia linfática crónica de células B]. Medicina Clinica 2009;133(5):161-6. - PubMed
MDACC 2007 V ‐ Molica 2010 (GIMEMA cohort) {published data only}
    1. Molica S, Mauro FR, Callea V, Giannarelli D, Lauria F, Rotoli B, et al. The utility of a prognostic index for predicting time to first treatment in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the GIMEMA experience. Haematologica 2010;95(3):464-9. - PMC - PubMed
MDACC 2007 V ‐ Molica 2015 (O‐CLL1‐GISL) {published data only}
    1. Gentile M, Shanafelt TD, Cutrona G, Molica S, Tripepi G, Alvarez I, et al. A progression-risk score to predict treatment-free survival for early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Leukemia 2016;30(6):1440-3. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Di Raimondo F, Cutrona G, Fabris S, Mauro F, Brugiatelli M, et al. Clinical categories identified by a new prognostic index reflect biological characteristics of patients in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the Gruppo Italiano Studio Linfomi (GISL) experience. Leukemia Research 2010;34(8):e217-8. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Levato L, Mirabelli R, Gentile M, Morabito F. Assessing time to first treatment in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): a comparative performance analysis of five prognostic models with inclusion of CLL-international prognostic index (CLL-IPI). Leukemia & Lymphoma 2017;58(7):1736-9. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Mirabelli R, Levato L, Gentile M, Morabito F, et al. Reliability of six prognostic models to predict time-to-first-treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in early phase. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(6):E91-3. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Mirabelli R, Levato L, Russo A, Linardi M, et al. Unavailability of thymidine kinase does not preclude the use of German comprehensive prognostic index: results of an external validation analysis in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia and comparison with MD Anderson Cancer Center model. European Journal of Haematology 2015;96(1):72-7. - PubMed
MDACC 2007 V ‐ Muñoz‐Novas 2018 (Spanish cohort) {published data only}
    1. Munoz-Novas C, Poza-Santaella M, Gonzalez-Gascon YMI, Hernandez-Sanchez M, Rodriguez-Vicente AE, Infante MS, et al. The international prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia has the higher value in predicting overall outcome compared with the Barcelona-Brno biomarkers only prognostic model and the MD Anderson Cancer Center Prognostic Index. Biomed Research International 2018:9506979. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/9506979] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
MDACC 2007 V ‐ Pflug 2014 (3 RCTs) {published data only}
    1. Pflug N, Bahlo J, Shanafelt TD, Eichhorst BF, Bergmann MA, Elter T, et al. Development of a comprehensive prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2014;124(1):49-62. - PMC - PubMed
MDACC 2007 V ‐ Rani 2018 (Indian cohort) {published data only}
    1. Rani L, Gogia A, Singh V, Kumar L, Sharma A, Kaur G, et al. Comparative assessment of prognostic models in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evaluation in Indian cohort. Annals of Hematology 2018;98(2):437-43. - PubMed
MDACC 2007 V ‐ Trajkova 2013 (Macedonia) {published data only}
    1. Trajkova S, Cevreska L, Pivkova-Veljanovska A, Ivanovski M, Dukovski D, Popova-Simjanovska M, et al. Multivariable model consisting of clinical and biological markers for time to first treatment in CLL patients: preliminary results from single centre experience. Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite Oddelenie Za Bioloshki i Meditsinski Nauki Prilozi 2013;34(3):39-48. - PubMed
MDACC 2011 D ‐ Wierda 2011 (MDACC) {published data only}
    1. Wierda WG, O'Brien S, Wang X, Faderl S, Ferrajoli A, Do KA, et al. Multivariable model for time to first treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29(31):4088-95. - PMC - PubMed
MDACC 2011 V ‐ Molica 2016 (O‐CLL1‐GISL) {published data only}
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Gentile M, Cutrona G, Di Renzo N, Di Raimondo F, et al. External validation on a prospective basis of a nomogram for predicting the time to first treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2013;119(6):1177-85. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Gentile M, Cutrona G, Di Renzo N, Di Raimondo F, et al. The utility of two prognostic models for predicting time to first treatment in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: results of a comparative analysis. Leukemia Research 2013;37(8):943-7. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Levato L, Mirabelli R, Gentile M, Lentini M, et al. A prognostic algorithm including a modified version of MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) score predicts time to first treatment of patients with clinical monoclonal lymphocytosis (cMBL)/Rai stage 0 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). International Journal of Hematology 2014;100(3):290-5. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Levato L, Mirabelli R, Gentile M, Morabito F. Assessing time to first treatment in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): a comparative performance analysis of five prognostic models with inclusion of CLL-international prognostic index (CLL-IPI). Leukemia & Lymphoma 2017;58(7):1736-9. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Mirabelli R, Levato L, Gentile M, Morabito F, et al. Reliability of six prognostic models to predict time-to-first-treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in early phase. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(6):E91-3. - PubMed
Morabito D ‐ Morabito 2009 (Italian cohort) {published data only}
    1. Morabito F, Cutrona G, Gentile M, Matis S, Todoerti K, Colombo M, et al. Definition of progression risk based on combinations of cellular and molecular markers in patients with Binet stage A chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. British Journal of Haematology 2009;146(1):44-53. - PubMed
Morabito V ‐ Gentile 2014 (O‐CLL1‐GISL) {published data only}
    1. Gentile M, Cutrona G, Mosca L, Matis S, Fabris S, Lionetti M, et al. Prospective validation of a risk score based on biological markers for predicting progression free survival in Binet stage A chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: results of the multicenter O-CLL1-GISL study. American Journal of Hematology 2014;89(7):743-50. - PubMed
O‐CLL‐1 D ‐ Gentile 2016 (O‐CLL‐1‐GISL) {published data only}
    1. Gentile M, Shanafelt TD, Cutrona G, Molica S, Tripepi G, Alvarez I, et al. A progression-risk score to predict treatment-free survival for early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Leukemia 2016;30(6):1440-3. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Levato L, Mirabelli R, Gentile M, Morabito F. Assessing time to first treatment in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): a comparative performance analysis of five prognostic models with inclusion of CLL-international prognostic index (CLL-IPI). Leukemia & Lymphoma 2017;58(7):1736-9. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Mirabelli R, Levato L, Gentile M, Morabito F, et al. Reliability of six prognostic models to predict time-to-first-treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in early phase. American Journal of Hematology 2017;92(6):E91-3. - PubMed
    1. Molica S, Shanafelt TD, Giannarelli D, Gentile M, Mirabelli R, Cutrona G, et al. The chronic lymphocytic leukemia international prognostic index predicts time to first treatment in early CLL: independent validation in a prospective cohort of early stage patients. American Journal of Hematology 2016;91(11):1090-5. - PMC - PubMed
O‐CLL1 V ‐ Gentile 2016 (Mayo cohort) {published data only}
    1. Gentile M, Shanafelt TD, Cutrona G, Molica S, Tripepi G, Alvarez I, et al. A progression-risk score to predict treatment-free survival for early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Leukemia 2016;30(6):1440-3. - PubMed
O‐CLL‐1 V ‐ Rani 2018 (Indian cohort) {published data only}
    1. Rani L, Gogia A, Singh V, Kumar L, Sharma A, Kaur G, et al. Comparative assessment of prognostic models in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evaluation in Indian cohort. Annals of Hematology 2018;98(2):437-43. - PubMed
Rossi D ‐ Rossi 2013 (Italian cohort) {published data only}
    1. Rossi D, Rasi S, Spina V, Bruscaggin A, Monti S, Ciardullo C, et al. Integrated mutational and cytogenetic analysis identifies new prognostic subgroups in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2013;121(8):1403-12. - PMC - PubMed
Rossi V ‐ Jeromin 2014 (Munich cohort) {published data only}
    1. Jeromin S, Weissmann S, Haferlach C, Dicker F, Bayer K, Grossmann V, et al. SF3B1 mutations correlated to cytogenetics and mutations in NOTCH1, FBXW7, MYD88, XPO1 and TP53 in 1160 untreated CLL patients. Leukemia 2014;28(1):108-17. - PubMed
Rossi V ‐ Rossi 2013 (unclear) {published data only}
    1. Rossi D, Rasi S, Spina V, Bruscaggin A, Monti S, Ciardullo C, et al. Integrated mutational and cytogenetic analysis identifies new prognostic subgroups in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2013;121(8):1403-12. - PMC - PubMed
Stephens OS D ‐ Stephens 2015 (Ohio cohort) {published data only}
    1. Stephens DM, Ruppert AS, Weirda WG, Jones JA, Woyach JA, Maddocks K, et al. Externally validated predictive clinical model for untreated del(17p13.1) chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. American Journal of Hematology 2015;90(11):967-9. - PMC - PubMed
Stephens OS V ‐ Stephens 2015 (MDACC) {published data only}
    1. Stephens DM, Ruppert AS, Weirda WG, Jones JA, Woyach JA, Maddocks K, et al. Externally validated predictive clinical model for untreated del(17p13.1) chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. American Journal of Hematology 2015;90(11):967-9. - PMC - PubMed
Stephens TFS D ‐ Stephens 2015 (Ohio cohort) {published data only}
    1. Stephens DM, Ruppert AS, Weirda WG, Jones JA, Woyach JA, Maddocks K, et al. Externally validated predictive clinical model for untreated del(17p13.1) chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. American Journal of Hematology 2015;90(11):967-9. - PMC - PubMed
Stephens TFS V ‐ Stephens 2015 (MDACC) {published data only}
    1. Stephens DM, Ruppert AS, Weirda WG, Jones JA, Woyach JA, Maddocks K, et al. Externally validated predictive clinical model for untreated del(17p13.1) chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients.. American Journal of Hematology 2015;90(11):967-9. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Apelgren 2006 {published data only}
    1. Apelgren P, Hasselblom S, Werlenius O, Nilsson-Ehle H, Andersson PO. Evaluation of clinical staging in chronic lymphocytic leukemia - population-based study. Leukemia & Lymphoma 2006;47(12):2505-16. - PubMed
Baccarani 1982 {published data only}
    1. Baccarani M, Cavo M, Gobbi M, Lauria F, Tura S. Staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1982;59(6):1191-6. - PubMed
Baliakas 2015 {published data only}
    1. Baliakas P, Agathangelidis A, Hadzidimitriou A, Sutton LA, Minga E, Tsanousa A, et al. Not all IGHV3-21 chronic lymphocytic leukemias are equal: prognostic considerations. Blood 2015;125(5):856-9. - PMC - PubMed
Berke 2019 {published data only}
    1. Berke Mentese I, Yegin ZA, Gokcen S, Ozkurt ZN, Yagci M. Prognostic significance of serum BAFF, APRIL, TACI and BCMA levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion 2019;35(2):265-71. - PMC - PubMed
Bettini 1986 {published data only}
    1. Bettini R, Rapazzini P, Ferrari V, Steidl L. Clinical staging of chronic lymphatic leukemia. Recenti Progressi in Medicina 1986;77(2):72-6. - PubMed
Binet 1977 {published data only}
    1. Binet JL, Leporrier M, Dighiero G, Charron D, D'Athis P, Vaugier G, et al. A clinical staging system for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: prognostic significance. Cancer 1977;40(2):855-64. - PubMed
Binet 1981 {published data only}
    1. Binet JL, Auquier A, Dighiero G, Chastang C, Piguet H, Goasguen J, et al. A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer 1981;48(1):198-206. - PubMed
Bo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bo MD, Del Principe MI, Pozzo F, Ragusa D, Bulian P, Rossi D, et al. NOTCH1 mutations identify a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient subset with worse prognosis in the setting of a rituximab-based induction and consolidation treatment. Annals of Hematology 2014;93(10):1765-74. - PubMed
Bomben 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bomben R, Dal Bo M, Zucchetto A, Zaina E, Nanni P, Sonego P, et al. Mutational status of IgV(H) genes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and prognosis: percent mutations or antigen-driven selection? Leukemia 2005;19(8):1490-2. - PubMed
Bomben 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bomben R, Dal Bo M, Capello D, Forconi F, Maffei R, Laurenti L, et al. Molecular and clinical features of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with stereotyped B cell receptors: results from an Italian multicentre study. British Journal of Haematology 2009;144(4):492-506. - PubMed
Bou Samra 2014 {published data only}
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Brejcha 2010 {published data only}
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Brugiatelli 2007 {published data only}
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Bulian 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bulian P, Shanafelt TD, Fegan C, Zucchetto A, Cro L, Nuckel H, et al. CD49d is the strongest flow cytometry-based predictor of overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2014;32(9):897-904. - PMC - PubMed
Byrd 2006 {published data only}
    1. Byrd JC, Gribben JG, Peterson BL, Grever MR, Lozanski G, Lucas DM, et al. Select high-risk genetic features predict earlier progression following chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine and rituximab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: justification for risk-adapted therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006;24(3):437-43. - PubMed
Cailliod 2005 {published data only}
    1. Cailliod R, Quantin C, Carli PM, Jooste V, Le Teuff G, Binquet C, et al. A population-based assessment of the prognostic value of the CD19 positive lymphocyte count in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia using Cox and Markov models. European Journal of Epidemiology 2005;20(12):993-1001. - PubMed
Callea 1999 {published data only}
    1. Callea V, Morabito F, Oliva BM, Stelitano C, Levato D, Dattilo A, et al. Surface CD14 positivity in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is related to clinical outcome. British Journal of Haematology 1999;107(2):347-52. - PubMed
Catovsky 1989 {published data only}
    1. Catovsky D, Fooks J, Richards S, MRC Working Party on Leukaemia in Adults. Prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: the importance of age, sex and response to treatment in survival. A report from the MRC CLL 1 trial. British Journal of Haematology 1989;72(2):141-9. - PubMed
Cesano 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cesano A, Perbellini O, Evensen E, Chu CC, Cioffi F, Ptacek J, et al. Association between B-cell receptor responsiveness and disease progression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results from single cell network profiling studies. Haematologica 2013;98(4):626-34. - PMC - PubMed
Chang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Chang CC, Liu CZ, Cleveland RP. Relative importance of CD38 expression over myeloid-associated markers expression in predicting the clinical course of B-CLL patients. Leukemia and Lymphoma 2003;44(6):977-82. - PubMed
Chastang 1985 {published data only}
    1. Chastang C, Travade P, Auquier A. Critical discussion of the assessment of a three-stage prognostic classification for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Statistics in Medicine 1985;4(3):287-93. - PubMed
Chauzeix 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chauzeix J, Laforet MP, Deveza M, Crowther L, Marcellaud E, Derouault P, et al. Normal serum protein electrophoresis and mutated IGHV genes detect very slowly evolving chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Cancer Medicine 2018;7(6):2621–8. - PMC - PubMed
Chelazzi 1979 {published data only}
    1. Chelazzi G, Bettini R, Michetti A, Ricci G. Prognostic value of the clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (author's transl). Haematologica 1979;64(4):463-71. - PubMed
Chen 1997 {published data only}
    1. Chen PM, Lin SH, Fan SF, Chiou TJ, Hsieh RK, Yu IT, et al. Genotypic characterization and multivariate survival analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Taiwan. Acta Haematologica 1997;97(4):196-204. - PubMed
Chena 2008 {published data only}
    1. Chena C, Avalos JS, Bezares RF, Arrossagaray G, Turdo K, Bistmans A, et al. Biallelic deletion 13q14.3 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: cytogenetic, FISH and clinical studies. European Journal of Haematology 2008;81(2):94-9. - PubMed
Chevallier 2002 {published data only}
    1. Chevallier P, Penther D, Avet-Loiseau H, Robillard N, Ifrah N, Mahe B, et al. CD38 expression and secondary 17p deletion are important prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. British Journal of Haematology 2002;116(1):142-50. - PubMed
Chiaretti 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chiaretti S, Marinelli M, Del Giudice I, Bonina S, Piciocchi A, Messina M, et al. NOTCH1, SF3B1, BIRC3 and TP53 mutations in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia undergoing first-line treatment: correlation with biological parameters and response to treatment. Leukemia & Lymphoma 2014;55(12):2785-92. - PubMed
Christiansen 1994 {published data only}
    1. Christiansen I, Gidlof C, Wallgren AC, Simonsson B, Totterman TH. Serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 are increased in chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia and correlate with clinical stage and prognostic markers. Blood 1994;84(9):3010-6. - PubMed
Chuang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chuang HY, Rassenti L, Salcedo M, Licon K, Kohlmann A, Haferlach T, et al. Subnetwork-based analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia identifies pathways that associate with disease progression. Blood 2012;120(13):2639-49. - PMC - PubMed
Ciccone 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ciccone M, Agostinelli C, Rigolin GM, Piccaluga PP, Cavazzini F, Righi S, et al. Proliferation centers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with cytogenetic and clinicobiological features in consecutive patients analyzed on tissue microarrays. Leukemia 2012;26(3):499-508. - PubMed
Ciocoiu 1988 {published data only}
    1. Ciocoiu A, Motoiu I, Niculescu R, Berceanu S. The staging of chronic lymphatic leukemia. Its prognostic value and therapeutic implications. Revista de Medicină Internă, Neurologe, Psihiatrie, Neurochirurgie, Dermato-venerologie 1988;40(1):41-5. - PubMed
Claus 2012 {published data only}
    1. Claus R, Lucas DM, Stilgenbauer S, Ruppert AS, Yu L, Zucknick M, et al. Quantitative DNA methylation analysis identifies a single CpG dinucleotide important for ZAP-70 expression and predictive of prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;30(20):2483-91. - PMC - PubMed
Claus 2014 {published data only}
    1. Claus R, Lucas DM, Ruppert AS, Williams KE, Weng D, Patterson K, et al. Validation of ZAP-70 methylation and its relative significance in predicting outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2014;124(1):42-8. - PMC - PubMed
Cmunt 2002 {published data only}
    1. Cmunt E, Michalova K, Sindelarova L, Karban J, Zemanova Z, Kurkova S, et al. Importance of prognostic factors in patients with chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia at the time of diagnosis. Sbornik Lekarsky 2002;103(3):359-70. - PubMed
Cocco 2005 {published data only}
    1. Cocco AE, Osei ES, Thut DM, Edinger AK, Powers JJ, Fu P, et al. Bimodal cell populations are common in chronic lymphocytic leukemia but do not impact overall survival. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2005;123(6):818-25. - PubMed
Corcoran 2005 {published data only}
    1. Corcoran M, Parker A, Orchard J, Davis Z, Wirtz M, Schmitz OJ, et al. ZAP-70 methylation status is associated with ZAP-70 expression status in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2005;90(8):1078-88. - PubMed
Cordone 1998 {published data only}
    1. Cordone I, Masi S, Mauro FR, Soddu S, Morsilli O, Valentini T, et al. p53 expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a marker of disease progression and poor prognosis. Blood 1998;91(11):4342-9. - PubMed
Cortese 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cortese D, Sutton LA, Cahill N, Smedby KE, Geisler C, Gunnarsson R, et al. On the way towards a 'CLL prognostic index': focus on TP53, BIRC3, SF3B1, NOTCH1 and MYD88 in a population-based cohort. Leukemia 2014;28(3):710-3. - PubMed
Coscia 2012 {published data only}
    1. Coscia M, Vitale C, Peola S, Foglietta M, Rigoni M, Griggio V, et al. Dysfunctional V9V2 T cells are negative prognosticators and markers of dysregulated mevalonate pathway activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 2012;120(16):3271-9. - PubMed
Crespo 2003 {published data only}
    1. Crespo M, Bosch F, Villamor N, Bellosillo B, Colomer D, Rozman M, et al. ZAP-70 expression as a surrogate for immunoglobulin-variable-region mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 2003;348(18):1764-75. - PubMed
Criel 1997 {published data only}
    1. Criel A, Verhoef G, Vlietinck R, Mecucci C, Billiet J, Michaux L, et al. Further characterization of morphologically defined typical and atypical CLL: a clinical, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and prognostic study on 390 cases. British Journal of Haematology 1997;97(2):383-91. - PubMed
Cro 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cro L, Morabito F, Zucal N, Fabris S, Lionetti M, Cutrona G, et al. CD26 expression in mature B-cell neoplasia: its possible role as a new prognostic marker in B-CLL. Hematological Oncology 2009;27(3):140-7. - PubMed
Cro 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cro L, Ferrario A, Lionetti M, Bertoni F, Zucal NN, Nobili L, et al. The clinical and biological features of a series of immunophenotypic variant of B-CLL. European Journal of Haematology 2010;85(2):120-9. - PubMed
Cuneo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Cuneo A, Rigolin GM, Bigoni R, De Angeli C, Veronese A, Cavazzini F, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 6q- shows distinct hematological features and intermediate prognosis. Leukemia 2004;18(3):476-83. - PubMed
Cuneo 2018 {published data only}
    1. Cuneo A, Follows G, Rigolin GM, Piciocchi A, Tedeschi A, Trentin L, et al. Efficacy of bendamustine and rituximab as first salvage treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and indirect comparison with ibrutinib: a GIMEMA, ERIC and UK CLL FORUM study. Haematologica 2018;103(7):1209-17. - PMC - PubMed
D'Arena 2001 {published data only}
    1. D'Arena G, Musto P, Cascavilla N, Dell'Olio M, Di Renzo N, Perla G, et al. CD38 expression correlates with adverse biological features and predicts poor clinical outcome in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia & Lymphoma 2001;42(1-2):109-14. - PubMed
D'Arena 2007 {published data only}
    1. D'Arena G, Tarnani M, Rumi C, Vaisitti T, Aydin S, De Filippi R, et al. Prognostic significance of combined analysis of ZAP-70 and CD38 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. American Journal of Hematology 2007;82(9):787-91. - PubMed
D'Arena 2012 {published data only}
    1. D'Arena G, D'Auria F, Simeon V, Laurenti L, Deaglio S, Mansueto G, et al. A shorter time to the first treatment may be predicted by the absolute number of regulatory T-cells in patients with Rai stage 0 chronic lymphocytic leukemia. American Journal of Hematology 2012;87(6):628-31. - PubMed
Damle 1999 {published data only}
    1. Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F, Ghiotto F, Valetto A, Allen SL, et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999;94(6):1840-7. - PubMed
Dasgupta 2015 {published data only}
    1. Dasgupta A, Mahapatra M, Saxena R. A study for proposal of use of regulatory T cells as a prognostic marker and establishing an optimal threshold level for their expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia & Lymphoma 2015;56(6):1831-8. - PubMed
Davis 2016 {published data only}
    1. Davis Z, Forconi F, Parker A, Gardiner A, Thomas P, Catovsky D, et al. The outcome of Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients with 97% IGHV gene identity to germline is distinct from cases with < 97% identity and similar to those with 98% identity. British Journal of Haematology 2016;173(1):127-36. - PubMed
DeAndres‐Galiana 2016 {published data only}
    1. DeAndres-Galiana EJ, Fernandez-Martinez JL, Luaces O, Del Coz JJ, Huergo-Zapico L, Acebes-Huerta A, et al. Analysis of clinical prognostic variables for chronic lymphocytic leukemia decision-making problems. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 2016;60:342-51. - PubMed
De Faria 2000 {published data only}
    1. De Faria JR, De Oliveira JS, Delbone de Faria RM, Silva MR, Goihman S, Yamamoto M, et al. Prognosis related to staging systems for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Revista Paulista de Medicina [Sao Paulo Medical Journal] 2000;118(4):83-8. - PMC - PubMed
Degan 2004 {published data only}
    1. Degan M, Bomben R, Bo MD, Zucchetto A, Nanni P, Rupolo M, et al. Analysis of IgV gene mutations in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia according to antigen-driven selection identifies subgroups with different prognosis and usage of the canonical somatic hypermutation machinery. British Journal of Haematology 2004;126(1):29-42. - PubMed
Delgado 2009 {published data only}
    1. Delgado J, Pratt G, Phillips N, Briones J, Fegan C, Nomdedeu J, et al. Beta2-microglobulin is a better predictor of treatment-free survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia if adjusted according to glomerular filtration rate. British Journal of Haematology 2009;145(6):801-5. - PubMed
Delgado 2014 {published data only}
    1. Delgado J, Salaverria I, Baumann T, Martinez-Trillos A, Lee E, Jimenez L, et al. Genomic complexity and IGHV mutational status are key predictors of outcome of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with TP53 disruption. Haematologica 2014;99(11):e231-4. - PMC - PubMed
Del Guidice 2011 {published data only}
    1. Del Giudice I, Mauro FR, De Propris MS, Santangelo S, Marinelli M, Peragine N, et al. White blood cell count at diagnosis and immunoglobulin variable region gene mutations are independent predictors of treatment-free survival in young patients with stage A chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2011;96(4):626-30. - PMC - PubMed
Del Poeta 2010 {published data only}
    1. Del Poeta G, Del Principe MI, Maurillo L, Rossi FM, Buccisano F, Ammatuna E, et al. Spontaneous apoptosis and proliferation detected by BCL-2 and CD71 proteins are important progression indicators within ZAP-70 negative chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia & Lymphoma 2010;51(1):95-106. - PubMed
Del Principe 2004 {published data only}
    1. Del Principe MI, Del Poeta G, Venditti A, Buccisano F, Maurillo L, Marini R, et al. Clinical significance of soluble p53 protein in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2004;89(12):1468-75. - PubMed
Del Principe 2006 {published data only}
    1. Del Principe MI, Del Poeta G, Buccisano F, Maurillo L, Venditti A, Zucchetto A, et al. Clinical significance of ZAP-70 protein expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2006;108(3):853-61. - PubMed
De Rossi 1989 {published data only}
    1. De Rossi G. Prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): experience of the Italian cooperative group (GIMEMA). Bone Marrow Transplantation 1989;4 Suppl 1:162-4. - PubMed
Deslandes 2007 {published data only}
    1. Deslandes E, Chevret S. Assessing surrogacy from the joint modelling of multivariate longitudinal data and survival: application to clinical trial data on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Statistics in Medicine 2007;26(30):5411-21. - PubMed
Dimier 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dimier N, Delmar P, Ward C, Morariu-Zamfir R, Fingerle-Rowson G, Bahlo J, et al. A model for predicting effect of treatment on progression-free survival using MRD as a surrogate end point in CLL. Blood 2018;131(9):955-62. - PubMed
Di Raimondo 2001 {published data only}
    1. Di Raimondo F, Giustolisi R, Lerner S, Cacciola E, O'Brien S, Kantarjian H, et al. Retrospective study of the prognostic role of serum thymidine kinase level in CLL patients with active disease treated with fludarabine. Annals of Oncology 2001;12(5):621-5. - PubMed
Dong 2011 {published data only}
    1. Dong HJ, Zhou LT, Zhu DX, Wang DM, Fang C, Zhu HY, et al. The prognostic significance of TP53 mutations in Chinese patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is independent of del(17p13). Annals of Hematology 2011;90(6):709-17. - PubMed
Dong 2014 {published data only}
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Durak 2009 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Antic 2011 {published data only}
    1. Antic D, Mihaljevic B, Cokic V, Fekete MD, Djurasevic TK, Pavlovic S, et al. Patients with early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia: new risk stratification based on molecular profiling. Leukemia & Lymphoma 2011;52(7):1394-7. - PubMed
Baumann 2014 {published data only}
    1. Baumann T, Delgado J, Santacruz R, Martínez-Trillos A, Royo C, Navarro A, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the elderly: clinico-biological features, outcomes, and proposal of a prognostic model. Haematologica 2014;99(10):1599-604. - PMC - PubMed
Bulian 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bulian P, Tarnani M, Rossi D, Forconi F, Del Poeta G, Bertoni F, et al. Multicentre validation of a prognostic index for overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematological Oncology 2011;29(2):91-9. - PubMed
Bulian 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bulian P, Rossi D, Forconi F, Del Poeta G, Bertoni F, Zucca E, et al. IGHV gene mutational status and 17p deletion are independent molecular predictors in a comprehensive clinical-biological prognostic model for overall survival prediction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Translational Medicine 2012;10:18. - PMC - PubMed
Cavallini 2017 {published data only}
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Friedrichs 2011 {published data only}
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Gentile 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gentile M, Cutrona G, Neri A, Molica S, Ferrarini M, Morabito F. Predictive value of beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m) levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia since Binet A stages. Haematologica 2009;94(6):887-8. - PMC - PubMed
Haferlach 2010 {published data only}
    1. Haferlach C, Dicker F, Weiss T, Schnittger S, Beck C, Grote-Metke A, et al. Toward a comprehensive prognostic scoring system in chronic lymphocytic leukemia based on a combination of genetic parameters. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer 2010;49(9):851-9. - PubMed
Jarque 1991 {published data only}
    1. Jarque I, Sanz G, Gomis F, Martinez J, Martin G, De la Rubia J, et al. Chronic lymphatic leukemia. II. Analysis of prognostic factors and development of survival predicting models. Study of 187 patients. Sangre 1991;36(4):285-94. - PubMed
Lee 1987 {published data only}
    1. Lee JS, Dixon DO, Kantarjian HM, Keating MJ, Talpaz M. Prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multivariate regression analysis of 325 untreated patients. Blood 1987;69(3):929-36. - PubMed
Leotard 2000 {published data only}
    1. Leotard S, Chastang C, Travade P, Jaudon MC, Tournilhac O, Baudet S, et al. Prognostic relevance of a scoring system based on clinical and biological parameters in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Journal 2000;1(5):301-6. - PubMed
Letestu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Letestu R, Levy V, Eclache V, Baran-Marszak F, Vaur D, Naguib D, et al. Prognosis of Binet stage A chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: the strength of routine parameters. Blood 2010;116(22):4588-90. - PubMed
Li 2017b {published data only}
    1. Li H, Yi SH, Xiong WJ, Liu HM, Lyu R, Wang TY, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia prognostic index: a new integrated scoring system to predict the Time to First Treatment in Chinese patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chinese Medical Journal 2017;130(2):135-42. - PMC - PubMed
Liang 2018 {published data only}
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    1. Metze K, Lobo AM, Lorand-Metze I. Nucleolus organizer regions (AgNORs) and total tumor mass are independent prognostic parameters for treatment-free period in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. International Journal of Cancer 2000;89(5):440-3. - PubMed
Miao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Miao Y, Zou YX, Gu DL, Zhu HC, Zhu HY, Wang L, et al. SF3B1 mutation predicts unfavorable treatment-free survival in Chinese chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Annals of Translational Medicine 2019;7(8):176. - PMC - PubMed
Molica 1990 {published data only}
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Molica 2010 {published data only}
    1. Molica S, Digiesi G, Battaglia C, Cutrona G, Antenucci A, Molica M, et al. Baff serum level predicts time to first treatment in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia. European Journal of Haematology 2010;85(4):314-20. - PubMed
Molica 2015 {published data only}
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Levato L, Gentile M, Mirabelli R, Morabito F. Do biologic parameters affect the time to first treatment of clinical monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia Rai stage 0? Results of a prospective analysis. Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma and Leukemia 2015;15(3):e55-60. - PubMed
Molica 2019 {published data only}
    1. Molica S, Giannarelli D, Levato L, Mirabelli R, Levato D, Lentini M, et al. A simple score based on geriatric assessment predicts survival in elderly newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Leukemia & Lymphoma 2019;60(3):845-7. - PubMed
Morabito 2011 {published data only}
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Pepper 2012 {published data only}
    1. Pepper C, Majid A, Lin TT, Hewamana S, Pratt G, Walewska R, et al. Defining the prognosis of early stage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients. British Journal of Haematology 2012;156(4):499-507. - PubMed
Qin 2018 {published data only}
    1. Qin S, Fan L, Liang J, Gale R, Miao Y, Wu Y, et al. Definition of disease-progression risk stratification in untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia using combined clinical, molecular and virological variables. Hematological Oncology 2018;36(4):656-62. - PubMed
Rozman 1982 {published data only}
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Rozman 1984 {published data only}
    1. Rozman C, Montserrat E, Rodriguez-Fernandez JM, Ayats R, Vallespi T, Parody R, et al. Bone marrow histologic pattern - the best single prognostic parameter in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multivariate survival analysis of 329 cases. Blood 1984;64(3):642-8. - PubMed
Schweighofer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Schweighofer CD, Coombes KR, Barron LL, Diao L, Newman RJ, Ferrajoli A, et al. A two-gene signature, SKI and SLAMF1, predicts time-to-treatment in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLOS One 2011;6(12):e28277. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Stamatopoulos B, Meuleman N, De Bruyn C, Pieters K, Anthoine G, Mineur P, et al. A molecular score by quantitative PCR as a new prognostic tool at diagnosis for chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. PLOS One 2010;5(9):e12780. - PMC - PubMed
Tsimberidou 2007 {published data only}
    1. Tsimberidou AM, Wen S, O'Brien S, McLaughlin P, Wierda WG, Ferrajoli A, et al. Assessment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma by absolute lymphocyte counts in 2,126 patients: 20 years of experience at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007;25(29):4648-56. - PubMed
Vetro 2018 {published data only}
    1. Vetro C, Haferlach T, Jeromin S, Stengel A, Zenger M, Nadarajah N, et al. Identification of prognostic parameters in CLL with no abnormalities detected by chromosome banding and FISH analyses. British Journal of Haematology 2018;183(1):47-59. - PubMed
Visentin 2015 {published data only}
    1. Visentin A, Facco M, Frezzato F, Castelli M, Trimarco V, Martini V, et al. Integrated CLL scoring system, a new and simple index to predict time to treatment and overall survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia 2015;15(10):612-20.e5. - PubMed
Wierda 2009 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

NCT00275054 {published data only}
    1. NCT00275054. Rituximab, fludarabine, and cyclophosphamide or observation alone in treating patients with stage 0, stage I, or stage II chronic lymphocytic leukemia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00275054 (first received 11 January 2006).
NCT03436524 {published data only}
    1. NCT03436524. A prognostic tool for early stage CLL. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03436524 (first received 19 February 2018).

Additional references

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Debray 2012
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References to other published versions of this review

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