The psychological, social and educational impact of prominent ears: A systematic review

Abstract

Background: Prominent ears are the most common congenital abnormality of the head and neck, occurring in 5% of the Caucasian population. Facial disfigurement can cause psychosocial distress, low self-esteem and varying levels of social isolation most notable in school-age children. Although prominent ear correction is the most frequently performed aesthetic operation in children and adolescents, to our knowledge, the relationship between prominent ears and psychological, social and educational issues has not been systematically assessed.

Purpose of study: To investigate the psychological, social and educational impact of prominent ears and to examine how prominent ear correction affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Methods: A systematic review was conducted using a protocol registered with PROSPERO and in line with the Preferred Reporting for Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PyscINFO, HMIC Health Management Information Consortium, Ovid Journals Database, NHS Wales Full-Text Journals and The Cochrane Database. The inclusion criteria stated that any study investigating the association between psychological, social or educational issues, or HRQoL and prominent ears or otoplasty should be incorporated. All studies were reviewed by two authors, with data extracted for the studies finally included.

Findings: Fourteen articles were finally included, with a total of 786 patients. Thirteen out of 14 papers analysed the post-operative effect of surgical correction of prominent ears. The most common motivating factor for surgery was bullying, with young males of school age being the worst affected. Prominent ear patients report higher levels of bullying and social problems, and lower levels of physical activity than patients with more severe facial disfigurements. Every study that assessed the psychosocial impact of surgery on prominent ears found a significant benefit to HRQoL.

Conclusion and relevance: Prominent ears pose severe psychological and social issues that should not be underestimated. Surgical correction has consistently been shown to significantly improve HRQoL.

Keywords: Health-related quality of life; Otoplasty; Pinnaplasty; Prominent ears; Psychological; Psychosocial.