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. 2020 Aug 1;11(8):491.
doi: 10.3390/insects11080491.

Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Biological Traits and Feeding of the Aphidophagous Predator Harmonia axyridis

Muhammad Asim Rasheed  1 , Muhammad Musa Khan  2   3 , Muhammad Hafeez  4 , Jing Zhao  1 , Yasir Islam  1 , Shahzaib Ali  1 , Shakeel Ur-Rehman  1 , Um E-Hani  5 , Xingmiao Zhou  1
Affiliations

Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Biological Traits and Feeding of the Aphidophagous Predator Harmonia axyridis

Muhammad Asim Rasheed et al. Insects. .

Abstract

Except of pest control, insecticides have shown adverse effects on natural enemies as well. Thus, risk assessment of pesticides for biological control agents is critical for effective use in integrated pest management (IPM) schemes. In the present study, the lethal and sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos, a commonly used insecticide that may negatively affect biological control agents, were evaluated on a non-target predator, the Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis. Previous studies have reported on lethal concentrations, but the effects of sublethal concentrations remain unclear. Lethal and sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos were applied to third instar larvae of H. axyridis, and different growth and developmental parameters were measured. Treatment with LC10 (4.62 mg a.i. L-1) significantly shortened the developmental period of third instar larvae, whereas it significantly prolonged those of fourth instar larvae and pupa. Treatment with LC30 (9.59 mg a.i. L-1) significantly increased the larval and pupal developmental period compared with that of the control, whereas feeding potential, female fecundity, and adult longevity significantly decreased after LC10 and LC30 treatment. The pre-oviposition period significantly increased compared with that of the control. Population growth parameters, the finite (λ) and intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the net reproductive rate (R0), decreased following exposure to sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos. According to the results, the use of chlorpyrifos in IPM schemes requires further research because even sublethal concentrations of this insecticide were harmful to H. axyridis population growth.

Keywords: Harmonia axyridis; chlorpyrifos; lethal and sublethal effects; life table parameters; toxicity; two-sex life table.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Feeding potential of the pre-adult and adult stages of H. axyridis in the control and treatment (LC10, LC30) groups. (A) = feeding potential of 3rd instar, (B) = feeding potential of 4th instar, (C) = feeding potential of adult male, (D) = feeding potential of adult female. Different letters above each bar indicate significant differences between treatments using one-way ANOVA, LSD test (p = 0.05 and n = 30 (Control), n = 50 (LC10 & LC30)).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Graphs show sxj (age-stage-specific survival rate) values of offspring produced by Harmonia axyridis females treated with sublethal chlorpyrifos concentrations.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Graphs show lx (Age-specific survival rate), fxj (female age-stage-specific fecundity), mx (the age-specific fecundity of total population) and lxmx (net maternity) values for offspring produced by H. axyridis females treated with sublethal chlorpyrifos concentrations.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Graphs show exj (Life expectancy) values for offspring produced by H. axyridis females treated with sublethal chlorpyrifos concentrations.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Shows vxj (Age-stage specific reproduction) values for offspring produced by H. axyridis females treated with sublethal chlorpyrifos concentrations.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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