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Review
. 2020 Jul 6:12:225-238.
doi: 10.2147/RRU.S257669. eCollection 2020.

Surgical Management of Urolithiasis of the Upper Tract - Current Trend of Endourology in Africa

Ayun Cassell 3rd  1   2 , Mohamed Jalloh  1 , Medina Ndoye  1 , Mouhamadou Mbodji  1 , Oumar Gaye  1 , Ngor Mack Thiam  1 , Abdourahmane Diallo  1 , Issa Labou  1 , Lamine Niang  1 , Serigne Gueye  1
Affiliations
Review

Surgical Management of Urolithiasis of the Upper Tract - Current Trend of Endourology in Africa

Ayun Cassell 3rd et al. Res Rep Urol. .

Abstract

Urolithiasis is a global pathology with increasing prevalence rate. The lifetime recurrence of urolithiasis ranges from 10-75% creating a public health crisis in affected regions. The epidemiology of urolithiasis in most parts of Africa and Asia remains poorly documented as incidence and prevalence rates in these settings are extrapolated from hospital admissions. The surgical management of kidney and ureteral stones is based on the stone location, size, the patient's preference and the institutional capacity. To date, the available modalities in the management of urolithiasis includes external shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), ureterorenoscopy (URS) including flexible and semirigid ureteroscopy. However, regarding the lack of endourological equipment and expertise in most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), most urological centers in these regions still consider open surgery for kidney and ureteral stones. This review explores the current trend and surgical management of upper tract urolithiasis in SSA with insight on the available clinical guidelines.

Keywords: endourology; kidney stones; ureteral stones; urolithiasis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) NCCT coronal view showing a left distal ureteric stone at ureterovesical junction. (B) NCCT coronal view showing a right renal pelvis stone. (C) NCCT coronal view reveals stones in the right lower and middle renal calyxes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Flowchart showing a summary of the EAU guideline for the management renal stones excluding lower poles stones of <20 mm and <10 mm. (B) Flowchart reveals the EAU guideline summary for the management of lower pole renal calculi of <20 mm and <10 mm.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Flowchart reveals the EAU guideline summary of the management of proximal and distal ureteral stones.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) Ureteroscopy and pneumatic lithotripsy of a distal ureteric stone. (B) PCNL being performed; a renal stone concealed in an Amplatz sheath. (C) Pyelolithotomy with extraction of a staghorn calculus.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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